Browse the evidence

Whey protein supplementation (30g/day for 8 weeks) preserves fat-free mass and reduces fat mass more effectively than maltodextrin in women 18-24 months post-bariatric surgery.

If you had bariatric surgery recently, standard protein intake might not be enough to keep your muscle while losing fat. Adding 30g of whey protein daily for at least two months can help you lose more fat and keep more muscle than just eating your regular diet, even if your total protein grams look similar to others.

Increasing protein intake to ≥1.6 g/kg/day significantly improves lower-body strength gains in healthy adults undergoing resistance exercise, but has no significant effect on handgrip strength or physical functional performance tests.

If your goal is to increase raw strength (like your squat or leg press numbers), ensure you are eating at least 1.6g of protein per kg of body weight while lifting. However, do not expect this extra protein to directly improve your balance, agility, or daily functional tasks like stair climbing; those require specific functional training.

Ingesting carbohydrates during soccer match-play or simulated activity improves skilled performance (e.g., dribbling speed) and perceived arousal, even in the absence of hypoglycemia, likely by maintaining higher blood glucose levels.

Consume carbohydrates during matches or long training sessions. Even if you don't feel 'low energy', CHO ingestion can improve your dribbling speed and mental arousal. Practice this strategy in training to find what works for your stomach.

Plant-based diets can support athletic performance and muscular strength comparable to omnivorous diets when well-planned.

If you are an athlete, you can maintain performance on a plant-based diet. Ensure you eat a variety of plant proteins (legumes, grains, nuts, seeds) throughout the day to get all essential amino acids. You do not need to combine specific proteins at every meal, just eat a varied diet.

Bodybuilding coaches recommend protein intakes of 2.0–4.84 g/kg/day, which exceeds the evidence-based recommendation of 1.4–2.0 g/kg/day for general physically active individuals, though this higher range may be necessary for highly muscular competitive bodybuilders.

If you are a competitive bodybuilder, especially if you are enhanced, your coach may prescribe protein intakes between 2.0 and 4.84 g/kg/day. This is significantly higher than the general recommendation of 1.4–2.0 g/kg/day. While general guidelines suggest 1.6 g/kg/day maximizes muscle gain, highly muscular athletes may require more to retain lean mass during contest prep. Distribute this protein across 3–7 meals daily.

Distributing protein intake evenly across three daily periods (breakfast, lunch, dinner) is positively associated with increased lean mass, upper-body strength, and lower-body strength in healthy women.

For healthy women, try to spread your protein out across breakfast, lunch, and dinner. You don't necessarily need to hit a perfect number at every meal, but aiming for at least 25 grams of protein in at least one meal, or hitting relative targets (0.24 g/kg for <60yo, 0.4 g/kg for ≥60yo) in one or more meals, is associated with better muscle mass and strength. Ensure your total daily protein and calories are adequate, as distribution benefits are observed on top of those totals.

In individuals with chronic spinal cord injury, combining home-based neuromuscular electrical stimulation resistance training (NMES-RT) with daily leucine-enriched whey protein supplementation significantly increases thigh lean mass compared to NMES-RT alone.

If you have a spinal cord injury, doing resistance training with electrical stimulation (NMES) at home is effective for building leg muscle. Adding a daily whey protein supplement (specifically one with leucine) on top of this training yields significantly more muscle growth than training alone. Consistency is key, as adherence was very high in this study.

Protein supplementation (specifically whey) reduces musculoskeletal injury rates and missed training days in active-duty military personnel compared to no supplementation, with a dose-response effect observed for two servings per day.

If you are in high-intensity military or tactical training, consuming two servings of whey protein daily (approx. 77g) after training and before bed significantly reduces your risk of injury compared to not supplementing. This benefit was not seen with just one serving, suggesting a threshold effect.

Increasing dietary protein and fiber density (g/100 kcal) while reducing total energy intake significantly correlates with greater weight loss in a self-selected dietary weight-loss program.

To lose weight sustainably, do not just count calories. Use a tool to track the density of protein and fiber in your meals. Aim for 7-11 grams of protein and 1.8-3.2 grams of fiber per 100 calories. This approach helps you preserve muscle and stay full while reducing total energy intake.

Daily protein intake of 1.6-2.2g/kg body weight, distributed across 3-4 meals of ~0.4g/kg, optimizes muscle protein synthesis and training adaptation in football players.

Eat 1.6-2.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight every day. Spread this out over 3-4 meals, aiming for about 0.4g/kg per meal. This ensures your muscles get the signal to repair and grow throughout the day, rather than just at dinner. You don't need supplements if you eat real food.

During ultra-marathon races, athletes should consume 30-50 g/h of carbohydrates and 5-10 g/h of protein to maintain performance and reduce muscle damage.

During your race, aim for 30-50 grams of carbohydrates and 5-10 grams of protein every hour. This helps maintain energy and reduces muscle damage. If you struggle with stomach issues, practice this during training by gradually increasing your intake. Use multiple transportable carbohydrates (glucose + fructose) to maximize absorption.

Biathletes should consume 6–12 g/kg/day of carbohydrates, adjusted by training intensity, to maintain high carbohydrate availability and support glycogen resynthesis between sessions.

Aim for 6 to 12 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight every day. Adjust this amount up on heavy training days and down on rest days. Prioritize carbohydrate-rich foods at every meal and use high-carb snacks between sessions to keep your energy stores full.

Biathletes should consume a recovery meal containing approximately 0.3 g/kg of protein and 1.2 g/kg of carbohydrates immediately after key training sessions or races to optimize glycogen resynthesis and muscle repair.

Within 30 minutes of finishing a hard session or race, eat a meal with 0.3 grams of protein and 1.2 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight. A recovery shake is a convenient option if you can't eat a full meal immediately.

A well-planned vegetarian diet supports muscle hypertrophy and strength gains comparable to omnivorous diets when protein intake (1.6-2.2 g/kg/day) and energy balance are adequately managed.

To build muscle on a vegetarian diet, prioritize getting 1.6 to 2.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily. Ensure you are eating enough total calories to support your training. Focus on variety—combining legumes, grains, nuts, and seeds—to ensure you get enough leucine and other essential amino acids. This approach supports muscle growth just as effectively as an omnivorous diet.

Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) produce greater weight loss and fat mass reduction compared to low-fat diets (LFD) in obese individuals, although both interventions significantly reduce total body mass and BMI.

If you are obese and want to lose weight, a low-carbohydrate diet (limiting carbs to <45% or <40g/day) is likely to yield faster and greater fat loss than a low-fat diet. Focus on reducing high-carb foods while ensuring adequate protein and healthy fats. Be aware of potential side effects like fatigue or constipation initially, and consult a doctor if you have kidney issues.

Adjuvant GLP-1 RA therapy combined with high-protein intake (≥1.2 g/kg/day) and resistance training is necessary to counteract metabolic adaptation and preserve lean body mass after bariatric surgery.

After bariatric surgery, your body fights back against weight loss by slowing your metabolism. If you experience weight regain, adding a GLP-1 medication can help. Crucially, to prevent losing muscle along with fat, you must eat at least 1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily and engage in supervised resistance training. This combination helps maintain your metabolic health and muscle mass.

When protein intake is matched for quantity and leucine content, plant-based protein supplements produce equivalent gains in muscle mass and strength compared to animal-based protein supplements during resistance training.

If you are training to build muscle, you do not need to buy expensive animal protein powders. You can use plant-based proteins (like soy, pea, or rice) and get the same results, provided you consume enough total protein and ensure the supplement provides a similar amount of leucine as animal sources. Match the dose (e.g., ~25g protein) and train consistently.

Post-exercise ingestion of 1.2 g/kg/hour of carbohydrates for 6 hours, combined with 0.2-0.4 g/kg/hour of protein, optimizes glycogen restoration and muscle recovery in athletes, mitigating the risk of Overtraining Syndrome.

After intense training, prioritize eating carbohydrates immediately. Aim for 1.2 grams of carbs per kilogram of body weight each hour for the next 6 hours. Include 10-20 grams of high-quality protein in the first hour. Also, drink enough fluids to replace 150% of the weight you lost during exercise over those 6 hours.

A high-protein diet (1.4-2g/kg body weight) supports muscle repair, lean body mass gains, and strength improvements in resistance-trained individuals, with animal proteins potentially offering superior lean mass benefits compared to plant proteins.

If you lift weights, aim for 1.4 to 2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily. This supports muscle repair and strength gains. While animal proteins may offer a slight edge in lean mass for younger adults, plant proteins are also effective, especially if your baseline intake was previously low.

Balanced macronutrient intake (1.6-2.2g protein/kg, 4-6g carbs/kg) results in significantly greater strength gains (12.5%) and faster recovery (24 hours) compared to protein or carbohydrate deficits.

Eat a balanced diet with 1.6-2.2g of protein per kg of body weight and 4-6g of carbohydrates per kg. This supports maximum strength gains and faster recovery (24 hours) compared to restricting either nutrient.

Whey protein is the only protein source shown to have statistically significant effects on both endurance performance and muscle strength in this meta-analysis.

If you use protein supplements for performance, whey protein is the only source with demonstrated significant benefits for both endurance and strength in this analysis. Other sources (soy, casein, etc.) did not show significant effects.

Higher protein intake is significantly associated with greater hand muscle strength in adolescent karate athletes, whereas energy, fat, and carbohydrate intake are not.

For adolescent karate athletes, ensuring adequate protein intake is more critical for hand strength than simply eating enough total calories or focusing on carbs/fat. While knowing nutrition is good, it doesn't replace the need for specific nutrient intake and training. Focus on distributing protein intake throughout the day to support muscle protein synthesis alongside training.

High protein intake combined with physical rehabilitation improves muscle mass retention and functional recovery in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction.

If you are recovering from ACL surgery, ensure your diet includes adequate protein alongside your physical therapy. This combination is associated with better muscle retention and functional recovery, though more high-quality research is needed to define exact dosages.

Carbohydrate intake of 3–12 g/kg/day, adjusted for exercise duration and intensity, is recommended for athletes with diabetes to optimize glycogen storage and performance.

As a diabetic athlete, you need carbohydrates to perform. Aim for 3 to 12 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of your body weight each day. If you train for a long time or at high intensity, aim for the higher end of this range. This helps store glycogen in your muscles and liver, which is your main energy source during exercise. Monitor your blood sugar to see how your body responds to different amounts.