Browse the evidence

Placebo-adjusted weight loss was significantly lower in T2D versus obesity trials (pooled ratio: 0.61, 95% C.I. 0.56; 0.67).

Clinicians should consider that patients with T2D may experience less weight loss from incretin therapies compared to those with obesity alone.

Study-level diabetes status, age, BMI, sex distribution, ethnicity, and cardiometabolic comorbidities significantly correlated with BW loss at univariate analysis.

Understanding these correlates can help tailor weight loss strategies in clinical practice.

GLP-1RA therapy was associated with significant weight, glycemic, and renal benefits that were attenuated in Black adults.

It is important for practitioners to recognize that GLP-1RA therapy may have varying effectiveness across different racial groups.

Incretin-based therapies such as GLP-1 RA improve symptoms, exercise capacity, congestion, and reduce heart failure events in obesity-related HFpEF.

Practitioners may consider incretin-based therapies as a treatment option for improving outcomes in patients with obesity-related HFpEF.

Incretin-based therapies lead to reduced ectopic fat depositions in multiple organs and favourable cardiac remodelling.

Incretin-based therapies may be effective in reducing harmful fat deposits and improving heart structure in affected patients.

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) achieves superior comorbidity remission compared to intensive medical therapy.

MBS should be considered as a primary treatment option for patients with severe obesity and related comorbidities.

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass provides superior long-term remission of dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease compared to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Surgeons should consider Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for patients with specific comorbidities.

KN069 led to significant metabolic improvements including lower fasting glucose and triglycerides.

KN069 may improve metabolic health markers in this population.

GLP-1 RAs demonstrate multisystemic benefits including cardiovascular risk reduction and improved renal outcomes.

Incorporating GLP-1 RAs in treatment plans may enhance overall patient health beyond weight loss.

Intermittent exogenous ketosis (IEK) may increase endurance through glycogen sparing.

Practitioners may consider IEK as a strategy to enhance endurance in athletes.

Retatrutide achieves an 82.4% relative reduction in hepatic fat and normalizes liver fat in 86% of patients.

Retatrutide may be beneficial for patients with fatty liver disease.

Nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) increased from PRE (60 ± 14 ms) to END (69 ± 19 ms) and was strongly associated with the change in fat mass (r= 0.90, p<0.01).

Practitioners may consider monitoring HRV as an indicator of stress adaptation during weight loss in athletes.

Both protein and placebo groups showed improvements in most cardiorespiratory fitness-related and physical performance measures.

Both protein and carbohydrate supplementation can lead to improvements in physical performance for stroke patients undergoing aerobic training.

Most metabolite shifts occurred during the dietary intervention phase, with minimal additional changes after resistance training.

Emphasizing dietary changes may yield more immediate metabolic benefits than resistance training alone.

A high-protein diet, alone or combined with resistance training, induces modest but measurable metabolic shifts without disrupting global metabolic homeostasis.

Older adults can safely increase protein intake without adverse metabolic effects, especially when combined with exercise.

Daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake during exercise was significantly below the moderate recommendation of 30 g·h-1, averaging approximately 11.5 g·h-1.

Athletes should ensure adequate carbohydrate intake during exercise to meet performance recommendations.

Self-reported high levels of leisure time physical activity eliminate the increased risk of CVD in insulin-resistant male individuals.

Promoting leisure time physical activity can significantly reduce cardiovascular risks in at-risk populations.

Metformin is considered the universal first-line medication for type 2 diabetes due to its low cost, effectiveness, and potential for weight loss.

Metformin should be prioritized in treatment plans for type 2 diabetes.

Gastric bypass surgery has a dramatic effect on diabetes, with 67% of patients with diabetes treatment before surgery being without diabetes treatment 2 years after surgery.

Gastric bypass can significantly improve diabetes management in patients.

Therapies such as thiazolidinedione, insulin secretagogue, and insulin are less suitable for individuals with obesity and T2D as they are associated with weight gain.

Clinicians should avoid prescribing therapies that promote weight gain in obese T2D patients.

Incorporating MRs into a weight loss intervention leads to reductions in LDL cholesterol by -0.18 mmol/L.

Meal replacements may improve lipid profiles in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

Lebensstilinterventionen sind essenziell, während medikamentöse und operative Ansätze Potenzial zur Reduktion kardiovaskulärer Ereignisse zeigen.

Practitioners should implement lifestyle changes while considering pharmacological and surgical options for patients.

GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce central adiposity, SBP, DBP, and insulin resistance.

Practitioners should consider GLP-1 receptor agonists for improving metabolic health in this population.

Insulin resistance leads to a metabolic profile that is strongly atherogenic, accelerating atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.

Understanding the atherogenic effects of insulin resistance can guide cardiovascular risk management.