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Calcium release statistically improved with an 8 mg • kg -1 dose of caffeine compared to both a 6 mg • kg -1 dose and placebo.

Enhancing calcium release through caffeine may be beneficial for strength training outcomes.

Faster resistance training tempos may have a trivial advantage over slower tempos for muscle hypertrophy.

Practitioners might consider that while faster tempos could be slightly more beneficial, the difference is not significant.

Subgroup analyses indicate trivial to small effects of resistance training tempo on muscle hypertrophy under specific conditions.

Practitioners should be aware that the effects of tempo may vary based on specific training conditions.

A vegan diet had a more pronounced impact on the innate immune system than a ketogenic diet.

Practitioners may consider vegan diets for enhancing innate immune responses.

A ketogenic diet had a more pronounced impact on B and T cell response compared to a vegan diet.

Practitioners may consider ketogenic diets for enhancing B and T cell responses.

A ketogenic diet significantly alters microbiome composition compared to a vegan diet.

Practitioners may consider the impact of ketogenic diets on gut microbiome composition.

Energy density, hyper-palatability, protein content, and eating rate significantly contribute to energy intake during meals.

Practitioners should consider these meal characteristics when assessing energy intake.

The relative importance of meal characteristics on energy intake varies by dietary pattern.

Dietary patterns should be considered when evaluating meal characteristics and energy intake.

Novel study designs can account for confounding sources of variation in individual response to resistance training.

Practitioners can use these study designs to better understand individual training responses.

Decreasing the protein content of the diet leads to compensatory increases in total energy intake, resulting in weight gain.

Practitioners should consider the protein content of diets to manage energy intake and weight.

A small decrease in the protein fraction of the food supply can lead to large increases in energy intake.

Small dietary adjustments can have significant impacts on energy balance and weight management.

Volume load (VL) in the bench press (BP) was affected by exercise order, independent of the mode.

Practitioners should consider exercise order when designing resistance training programs.

The close-grip bench press (CGBP) showed higher volume load in the first exercise order (O1).

Prioritizing CGBP in training sessions may enhance performance.

Myoelectric activity was higher for the clavicular head pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and triceps brachii long head when the bench press was last in the sequence.

Adjusting exercise order can optimize muscle activation during training.

Progressing up to maximum recoverable volume (MRV) may be unnecessary and suboptimal for hypertrophy.

Avoid pushing training volume to the maximum recoverable level to optimize hypertrophy outcomes.

Both training programs resulted in significant reductions in LDL cholesterol, with linear training showing a decrease of -15.1 mg·dL-1 and undulating-periodized training showing a decrease of -9.4 mg·dL-1.

Implementing these training programs can help lower LDL cholesterol in older adults.

Change in low-and no-calorie sweetened beverage (LNCSB) intake was associated with lower weight (MD, -0.008 kg/y).

Reducing LNCSB intake may help in weight management.

The primary endpoint of the study is the difference in HbA1c levels between TRE and CP at 4 months.

Monitoring HbA1c levels will be crucial for assessing the effectiveness of TRE compared to CP.

Secondary outcomes include changes in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and nocturnal glucose.

These secondary outcomes will provide additional insights into the metabolic effects of TRE.

Both healthy low fat (HLF) and healthy low carbohydrate (HLC) diets improved indices of insulin sensitivity after 12 months.

Both diets can be recommended for improving insulin sensitivity in overweight adults.

Vegan dietary patterns can be healthy if followed very carefully with regard for potential nutritional deficiencies.

Practitioners should ensure that patients on vegan diets are aware of and manage potential nutritional deficiencies.

The likely beneficial effects of vegan dietary patterns on risk of cardiometabolic diseases and cancers are counterbalanced by the potential of such diets to be deficient in several important micronutrients.

Patients should be informed about both the benefits and potential nutritional risks of vegan diets.

Obesity can lead to skin diseases such as psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa.

Practitioners should be aware of the dermatological implications of obesity.

Higher intake of white rice (≥450g/d compared with <150g/d) is associated with an increased risk of diabetes (HR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03-1.41, p for trend=0.003).

Practitioners should consider the potential diabetes risk associated with high white rice consumption in dietary recommendations.