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GIP(1-30)NH2 results in similar glucagonotropic and insulinotropic effects as GIP(1-42).

GIP(1-30)NH2 could be used similarly to GIP(1-42) in clinical settings for managing insulin and glucagon levels.

Current anti-obesity medications primarily focus on increasing satiety and reducing appetite.

Practitioners should be aware of the current focus of obesity medications when considering treatment options.

Postoperative weight regain (WR) affects 20-30% of patients after bariatric surgery.

Clinicians should be aware that a significant portion of bariatric surgery patients may experience weight regain.

Weight regain is influenced by hormonal adaptations, including ghrelin rebound and leptin resistance.

Understanding hormonal influences can help in developing targeted interventions for weight management post-surgery.

Dual agonists targeting GLP-1 and PYY3–36 may produce synergistic effects for weight loss.

Consider dual agonist therapies for enhanced weight loss efficacy.

Incretin combination therapies are being developed for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with diabetes.

Practitioners should consider the potential of incretin therapies for managing NAFLD in diabetic patients.

GIP receptor-modulating medications may cause weight loss.

GIP receptor-modulating therapies may be considered for obesity treatment, but further research is needed.

GLP-1 receptor agonists, particularly semaglutide, may worsen diabetic retinopathy (DR) upon initiation.

Clinicians should monitor diabetic retinopathy closely when initiating GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Glycerol concentration increased by GIP (+13%) and GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonist (+28%) in human adipose tissue.

GIP may be a potential target for enhancing fat loss in overweight individuals.

Direct lipolytic effects of GIP exist in human subcutaneous adipose tissue.

GIP could be targeted in therapies aimed at enhancing fat loss.

The PA-GLP1 formulation resulted in an overall reduction in blood glucose levels and reduced weight gain compared to daily injections of semaglutide.

This formulation may be more effective than current daily treatments for diabetes.

The proportion of GLP-1 RA users without T2DM or obesity rose from approximately 2% in 2020 to over 5% in May 2022.

There is a growing concern regarding the use of GLP-1 RAs in individuals without the approved indications.

Potential misuse of GLP-1 RAs was identified in 2.2% of users.

Monitoring for misuse of GLP-1 RAs is necessary due to the identified percentage of potential misuse.

GLP-1 reduces glucagon and slows gastric emptying (GE), while GIP increases glucagon and does not alter GE.

Understanding the distinct effects of GLP-1 and GIP can inform treatment strategies for obesity.

Bariatric surgery and endoscopy increase satiation by restricting gastric size and enhance postprandial incretin levels.

Surgical options can be effective for enhancing satiation and managing obesity through hormonal mechanisms.

GLP-1RAs may lead to treatment discontinuation due to gastrointestinal side effects.

Clinicians should prepare patients for the possibility of discontinuation due to side effects.

Solid gastric contents were significantly more frequent in patients receiving semaglutide treatment (42%) compared to controls (7%).

Healthcare providers should consider the higher likelihood of solid gastric contents in patients on semaglutide when planning surgeries.

There has been a shift in the therapeutic approach to coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Healthcare providers should stay updated on evolving treatment strategies for CAD in T2DM patients.

GLP-1a therapy was associated with a mean change in HbA1c of −1.00% (±2.07) in treated patients compared to −0.83% (±1.92) in those without GLP-1a therapy.

GLP-1a therapy may lead to modest reductions in HbA1c in a real-world setting.

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) individuals exhibit higher postprandial insulin secretion (insulin secretory rate incremental area under the curve 30-180 minutes, 24,652 vs 17,858, P < .05) compared to controls.

Higher insulin secretion in FRDA may be a compensatory mechanism for lower insulin sensitivity.

Both semaglutide and tirzepatide show gastrointestinal side effects including nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis, and diarrhea.

Clinicians should be aware of these common gastrointestinal side effects when prescribing these medications.

GLP-1 receptor agonists reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 3.4 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 0.9 mmHg.

GLP-1 receptor agonists can be considered for managing blood pressure in overweight or obese patients.

Incretin-based therapy did not increase the risk of hypoglycaemia or pancreatitis.

Clinicians can consider incretin-based therapies as safe options for managing obesity and hypertension without increasing hypoglycaemia or pancreatitis risk.

Endogenous natural peptides have attracted increasing attention for fighting obesity.

Practitioners should consider the potential of endogenous peptides in obesity management.