Browse the evidence

Higher variability of waist circumference (WC) is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular outcomes and death in the control group.

Monitoring waist circumference variability may be important for assessing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The relationship between BMI and LDL cholesterol change was not observed on higher-carbohydrate diets.

Practitioners should consider that the effects of BMI on LDL cholesterol may differ with carbohydrate intake levels.

Bariatric surgery performed in patients with obesity and end-stage liver disease waiting for liver transplantation is associated with a 5% major post-bariatric surgery complications rate and a 7% 1-year post-liver transplantation mortality.

Bariatric surgery can be considered for patients with obesity awaiting liver transplantation, with a relatively low complication and mortality rate.

Sustained remission was observed in 15.8 % (n = 19) over three years and in 12.5 % (n = 15) over four years.

Sustained remission can be a realistic goal for patients on a very low carbohydrate diet.

Sleep restriction reduced fat oxidation during high-dose insulin infusion in postmenopausal women.

Practitioners should be aware that sleep restriction may impair fat oxidation in this population.

GB participants used fewer glucose-lowering medications at 10 years, but HbA1c, fasting glucose, calculated cardiovascular risk, quality-of-life, and incident diabetes complications did not differ significantly between the groups.

While GB surgery may reduce the need for glucose-lowering medications, it does not significantly improve other health metrics.

Obesity accompanies an increasing burden of metabolic disease among people living with HIV (PWH).

Healthcare providers should be aware of the increased risk of metabolic diseases in PWH with obesity.

Newer antiretroviral agents have been consistently associated with excessive weight gain.

Clinicians should consider the weight gain potential of newer ART agents when prescribing.

Combination therapy of metabolic boosters and established anti-obesity compounds is a promising future approach.

Practitioners should explore combination therapies as a potential strategy for obesity treatment.

Biagonists or triagonists stimulating glucagon have a more potent effect to increase thermogenesis in adipose tissue.

These drugs may be particularly effective for enhancing energy expenditure.

There were no statistically significant differences in metabolic adaptations for 24 h, sleep, or resting expenditures.

This suggests that exercise may not lead to significant changes in metabolic rates during rest or sleep.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with nutritional and metabolic derangements that are often neglected in clinical assessments.

Healthcare professionals should prioritize nutritional assessments in diabetes management.

Tirzepatide affected metabolic parameters including body weight, adipose tissue mass, hepatic triglycerides, and circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Tirzepatide may have beneficial effects on metabolic health in addition to its impact on alcohol consumption.

The balance between adipose tissue reduction and lean mass preservation with GLP-1RAs remains incompletely understood in clinical settings.

Further research is needed to clarify the effects of GLP-1RAs on body composition in clinical practice.

Semaglutide users had higher rates of pneumonia (2.97 % vs 0.85 %, p < 0.05) compared to non-users.

Clinicians should be aware of the increased risk of pneumonia in patients using semaglutide.

Patients with longer semaglutide use had a higher incidence of urinary tract infection (4.03 % vs 1.27 %, p < 0.05) and acute kidney injury (3.18 % vs 0.85 %, p < 0.05).

Healthcare providers should monitor for urinary tract infections and kidney injury in patients on long-term semaglutide.

The need for additional lumbar fusion was associated with both semaglutide use (17.0 % vs. 6.4 %, p < 0.0001) and duration (28.3 % vs. 4.8 %, p < 0.0001).

Surgeons should consider the potential for increased surgical interventions in patients using semaglutide.

Sitagliptin elicited modest glycemic improvements without substantial alterations in lipid composition.

Sitagliptin may be less effective than semaglutide for lipid management in T2DM patients.

Novel pharmacological and surgical treatment strategies for obesity and hypertension can play a role in the prevention and treatment of heart failure.

Practitioners should integrate treatment strategies for obesity and hypertension to improve heart failure outcomes.

Metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery may fatigue over time.

Clinicians should monitor patients post-surgery for diminishing metabolic benefits.

Canagliflozin has shown benefits in reducing progression of renal disease and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Canagliflozin may be a beneficial treatment option for managing renal and heart health in diabetic patients.

Metabolic adaptation in energy expenditure (adaptive thermogenesis) was unrelated to the energy cost of weight and fat mass gains.

Weight gain responses may not be influenced by changes in metabolic rate during overfeeding.

Injectable pharmacotherapies are effective strategies to manage obesity by targeting metabolic pathways.

Practitioners can consider injectable pharmacotherapies as a viable option for obesity management.

Observational data show a reduction in all-cause mortality and cancer risk in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery.

Bariatric surgery may significantly improve long-term health outcomes and reduce mortality risk.