Browse the evidence

Metformin reduced weight by 2.9% and BMI by 2.9% in men.

Metformin can be effective in reducing weight and BMI in men at risk for diabetes.

Major brand-name reformulations generally reduced the trans fat content substantially without making equivalent increases in saturated fat content.

Food manufacturers can reformulate products to lower trans fat without increasing saturated fat.

Endurance training resulted in a faster increase in femoral artery mean blood velocity (MBV) at the onset of exercise, with T63% decreasing from 14.2 +/- 2.1 s on Day 0 to 8.6 +/- 1.2 s after 10 days of training.

Endurance training can enhance the speed of blood flow response during exercise, which may improve performance.

The time to 63% of femoral artery vascular conductance (VCfa) was also faster following 10 days of endurance training, decreasing from 16.0 +/- 2.5 s on Day 0 to 9.4 +/- 0.9 s.

Improved vascular conductance response may enhance exercise efficiency.

The amplitude of cardiac output (CO) in the adaptive phase and at steady state was significantly greater at Day 10 compared to Day 0 for the endurance training group.

Increased cardiac output may lead to better performance during endurance activities.

Fat adaptation attenuates the rate of muscle glycogenolysis during submaximal exercise.

Implementing fat adaptation may help preserve glycogen stores during prolonged exercise.

Metabolic changes favoring fat oxidation persist even with restored endogenous carbohydrate stores.

Athletes may benefit from fat adaptation strategies even after carbohydrate intake is restored.

Overfeeding caused an increase in body weight averaging 3.2 kg, of which 56% was fat.

Practitioners should note that short-term overfeeding can lead to significant fat gain.

After 9 days of overfeeding, BMR increased by 622 kJ/day.

Increased BMR during overfeeding may help mitigate some weight gain effects.

Approximately one-quarter of the excess energy intake was dissipated through an increase in energy expenditure.

Understanding energy dissipation can inform dietary strategies during overfeeding.

Bariatric surgery and GLP-1 receptor agonists have similar effects on glycemic control.

Both treatment options can be considered for glycemic control in obese patients.

High quality meta-analyses reported little or no difference between low-carbohydrate and control diets.

Practitioners should consider the quality of evidence when recommending low-carbohydrate diets.

Significant increases in fibre CSA require at least 6-7 weeks of regular resistive training at reasonably high intensity.

To achieve significant muscle growth, a training period of at least 6-7 weeks is necessary.

Resistance training increased the activity of citrate synthase (CS) and beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (beta-HAD) in muscle.

Resistance training enhances muscle oxidative potential through increased enzyme activity.

The activity of hexokinase (HK) increased by 42% following resistance training.

Resistance training can significantly enhance glucose metabolism in muscle.

NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of fatal/non-fatal CVD events and other cardiac and arrhythmic complications.

Healthcare providers should consider the cardiovascular risks associated with NAFLD in their patients.

The thermic effect of food (TEF) was measured at 1697 +/- 857 kJ/d, which is 18 +/- 9% of energy intake.

TEF contributes significantly to daily energy expenditure.

TEF correlated positively with the level of spontaneous physical activity (SPA) and negatively with fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations.

Increasing physical activity may enhance TEF.

Weekly training volume was approximately 90% lower in the sprint-trained group compared to the endurance-trained group.

Sprint training offers a time-efficient alternative to traditional endurance training with significantly lower energy expenditure.

A single bout of lengthening muscle contractions activates satellite cells (SCs), with a peak increase of approximately 80% at 72 hours post-exercise compared to baseline.

Practitioners can utilize lengthening contractions in training to enhance muscle recovery and growth.

HGF protein significantly increases in serum from baseline to 4 hours post-exercise.

Monitoring HGF levels may provide insights into muscle recovery following exercise.

HGFA and HAI-1 proteins significantly increase from baseline to 24 hours post-exercise.

Increased levels of HGFA and HAI-1 may indicate enhanced muscle repair processes following exercise.

Tirzepatide treatment was associated with lower hazards of all-cause mortality compared to GLP-1 RA (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.45-0.75).

Practitioners may consider tirzepatide as a safer option for reducing mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Tirzepatide treatment was associated with lower hazards of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) compared to GLP-1 RA (AHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71-0.91).

Tirzepatide may be a preferable treatment option for reducing cardiovascular risks in patients with type 2 diabetes.