Browse the evidence

Exercise may improve glycemic control through key cellular and molecular adaptive processes.

Practitioners should consider the types of exercise that promote these adaptive processes for better glycemic control.

Further studies, including clinical trials, are needed to investigate the effects of a low carbohydrate diet on type 2 diabetes.

There is a need for more rigorous research to clarify the impact of low carbohydrate diets on diabetes management.

Semaglutide likely results in little to no difference in quality of life with a mean difference of 2.12 (95% CI 0.95 to 3.28) in SF-36 physical functioning score at medium-term follow-up.

While semaglutide aids in weight loss, its impact on quality of life may be minimal.

By 2025, GLP-1RAs are anticipated to receive FDA approval for new indications including chronic kidney disease and heart failure.

Healthcare providers should stay informed about upcoming indications for GLP-1RAs to optimize treatment options.

Baseline disease severity, depressive symptoms, insulin resistance, and preperitoneal fat were negatively associated with PASI improvement.

Understanding these associations can help tailor treatment strategies for better outcomes.

Current evidence on the cardiovascular safety of tirzepatide is limited but suggestive.

Caution is advised when considering tirzepatide for patients with cardiovascular issues due to limited evidence.

Tirzepatide may have potential therapeutic effects on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).

Tirzepatide could be explored as a treatment option for patients with MASH, pending further research.

A variety of clinical tools exist to assess nutritional status, sarcopenia, and physical frailty in liver transplant recipients.

Practitioners should utilize available assessment tools to evaluate frailty and nutritional status in liver transplant patients.

Gastrointestinal adverse effects are the most common safety concern associated with incretin analogs.

Clinicians should monitor for gastrointestinal side effects when prescribing incretin analogs.

Weight loss may increase the risk for atherosclerosis among participants who were obese at baseline.

Weight loss in obese individuals should be approached with caution regarding atherosclerosis risk.

16.4% of participants were at high-risk for atherosclerosis as measured by cIMT.

A significant portion of the population studied is at high risk for atherosclerosis, indicating a need for preventive measures.

Aspiration therapy meets safety and effectiveness thresholds for incorporation into routine practice, but overall acceptance has been lower than other FDA-approved EBMTs.

Practitioners should be aware of the safety of aspiration therapy, but also its limited acceptance among patients.

The use of safe and effective weight-loss medications may influence referral patterns for MBS in the future.

Practitioners should consider the evolving landscape of obesity treatment when referring patients for MBS.

Tirzepatide is under evaluation for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, heart failure, and obstructive sleep apnea.

Practitioners should consider Tirzepatide's potential for treating these additional conditions in future practice.

There is an increasing prevalence of obesity in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

Healthcare providers should be aware of the rising obesity rates in type 1 diabetes patients for better management.

Adverse events (AEs) were more common in the T2D group (78.3% vs. 50.0%).

Healthcare providers should monitor for gastrointestinal symptoms in T2D patients using tirzepatide.

In untrained older adults with adequate baseline protein intake (≥1.0 g/kg/day), consuming 40 g of protein either post-exercise or pre-sleep does not enhance resistance exercise training-induced improvements in muscle thickness or strength compared to resistance exercise training alone.

If you are an older adult (60+) who is new to resistance training and already eating at least 1.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight every day, you do not need to stress about drinking protein immediately after your workout or eating casein right before bed. Your muscles will grow and get stronger just from doing the resistance exercises consistently. Save your money and focus on eating enough protein throughout the day and sticking to your training schedule.

Hamstring hypertrophy plays a minimal role in strength transfer between the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) and the stiff-leg deadlift (SDL) in resistance-untrained individuals.

If you want to improve strength in both Nordic Hamstring Exercises and Stiff-Leg Deadlifts, do not rely on just one. Training one exercise will not significantly boost your strength in the other, even if you build muscle. To maximize strength across both knee-flexion and hip-extension movements, you must train both exercises within the same training block.

Commercially available phytosteroid supplements containing 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and diosgenin (DSG) provide no additional hypertrophic or performance benefits over resistance training alone because the actual active compound concentrations are drastically lower than labeled amounts.

Do not rely on commercial phytosteroid supplements (specifically those combining 20E and DSG) to boost muscle growth or strength beyond what you achieve through consistent resistance training. This specific study found that the tested product contained less than 1% of the labeled 20E and only 10.4% of the labeled DSG, resulting in no biological activity or performance benefit compared to placebo. Focus on your training and nutrition instead.

Commercial protein bars in Brazil frequently overestimate their protein content by more than 20% compared to laboratory analysis, primarily due to non-protein nitrogen compounds being counted as protein by standard testing methods.

Do not blindly trust the protein number on the bar's label. This study found that 35% of bars had protein levels significantly higher than stated (overestimation). While this means you might get more protein than expected, it indicates poor quality control. If you are tracking macros precisely, assume the label is an estimate, not a guarantee, and prioritize brands with transparent third-party testing.

Increasing protein intake to 1.6 g/kg body weight via whole foods for 17 weeks, with or without strength training, does not adversely affect gastrointestinal microbiota composition, richness, or diversity in community-dwelling older adults.

If you are an older adult (65-85) looking to maintain muscle, you can safely increase your protein intake to about 1.6 grams per kilogram of body weight daily. This study used whole foods (dairy, meat, plant proteins) rather than powders, and combined this diet with strength training for the last 8 weeks of a 17-week period. The key takeaway is that this level of protein does not harm your gut bacteria or cause inflammation, provided you are generally healthy and not on antibiotics. Focus on diverse protein sources like milk, soups, and lean meats.

When resistance profiles, elbow range of motion, and effort are matched, altering shoulder extension angle (neutral vs. maximally extended) does not produce meaningful differences in elbow flexor hypertrophy in untrained men.

For most recreational lifters, whether you perform bicep curls with your arms by your side (neutral) or slightly behind your torso (extended shoulder) makes no meaningful difference to muscle growth, provided you train to failure and manage the weight similarly. Choose the variation that feels best for your shoulders and allows you to lift consistently. Don't overcomplicate your exercise selection based on shoulder angle alone.

Supplementation with fish protein, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids provides no additional benefit to physical performance adaptations (strength, endurance, workout duration) compared to whey protein or maltodextrin during a 6-week high-intensity functional training (HIFT) program in recreationally trained individuals.

If you are doing high-intensity functional training (like CrossFit), switching to a complex supplement with fish protein, vitamin D, and omega-3s will not give you better strength or endurance gains than taking whey protein or even just carbohydrates (maltodextrin), provided your overall diet is adequate. Focus on consistent training and basic protein intake rather than expensive multi-ingredient stacks for performance enhancement.

In individuals with ideal cardiovascular health (high CVHS), elevated BMI (≥35.0 kg/m²) does not significantly increase the risk of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) compared to normal BMI, whereas low cardiovascular health strongly predicts ASCVD regardless of BMI.

If you have ideal cardiovascular health (normal blood pressure, lipids, blood sugar, no smoking, active, healthy diet), your body weight (even if obese) may not significantly increase your risk of heart disease or stroke. Focus on maintaining these healthy habits rather than solely on weight loss.