Browse the evidence

The prevalence of diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among US adults (≥20 years) is 9.9%, with an average Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2020) score of 53.9.

Healthcare providers should be aware of the prevalence of T2DM and average diet quality in this population.

Males with diagnosed T2DM have a significantly higher HEI score than those without (53.3 vs. 51.8).

Nutrition interventions may need to consider gender differences in dietary quality among those with T2DM.

39.2% of participants screened positive for eating disorder signs and symptoms using the SCOFF questionnaire.

Practitioners should be aware that a significant portion of Brazilian adults may exhibit symptoms of eating disorders.

UPF consumption was higher in participants with binge eating and other eating disorders compared to those without ED symptoms.

Higher UPF consumption may be linked to specific eating disorder symptoms, indicating a need for dietary assessments in clinical settings.

There were no significant age-by-resilience interactions found.

Diet quality's impact on resilience appears consistent across different adult age groups.

The overall prevalence of sarcopenia in the studied population is 6.42%.

Practitioners should be aware of the prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults in urban-rural transition zones.

A long-term farming history is a strong, independent protective factor against sarcopenia.

Encouraging a farming lifestyle may help reduce sarcopenia risk in older adults.

The association between diabetes and sarcopenia was not statistically significant after adjusting for confounders.

Diabetes may not be a significant risk factor for sarcopenia when considering other factors.

Pharmacological weight loss agents (e.g., GLP-1 agonists, Orlistat) are second-line treatments for OHS, used when lifestyle changes fail, but their efficacy is generally lower than bariatric surgery and they require careful monitoring for adverse effects.

If diet and exercise aren't enough, weight loss drugs can help. They are a second step, not a replacement for lifestyle changes. You must try them for 3 months; if you don't lose at least 5% of your body weight, stop and try a different approach or consider surgery.

Obesity increases atherosclerosis susceptibility via an endocrine-like mechanism where adipose-derived miR-30e-5p travels to vascular endothelial cells, downregulates SLC7A11, and impairs mitochondrial function.

This research highlights that obesity is not just a passive storage of fat but an active endocrine organ that sends damaging signals to blood vessels. Managing body weight is crucial to stop adipose tissue from releasing miR-30e-5p, which directly harms the lining of your arteries and promotes plaque buildup, independent of cholesterol levels.

Medical weight management (MWM) using older obesity medications and lifestyle modification does not significantly reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) compared to usual care in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes.

If you have obesity and type 2 diabetes, using older weight loss medications (like liraglutide or exenatide) along with lifestyle changes did not significantly lower your risk of major heart events compared to standard care in this study. This does not mean the medication is useless for weight loss, but do not rely on it for heart protection. Newer medications (semaglutide, tirzepatide) might have different outcomes, but for now, focus on sustainable weight loss and managing diabetes.

Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD) appears to be the most effective bariatric surgery for achieving T2DM remission and lowering HbA1c levels, although evidence is sparse due to limited study numbers.

Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD) shows the strongest potential for reversing Type 2 Diabetes and significantly lowering HbA1c levels among all bariatric surgeries. However, because very few studies have evaluated it, its use is limited by concerns over surgical complexity and complications. It should be considered for patients with severe T2DM and obesity who are willing to accept higher surgical risks for the best chance of remission.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from lean donors transiently improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in patients with metabolic syndrome, though effects often diminish after 18 weeks without maintenance.

FMT from lean donors can significantly boost insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar in metabolic syndrome patients, but these benefits are temporary (lasting ~6 weeks) and may require repeated treatments or maintenance fiber. It is not a one-time cure and is currently expensive.

GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) provide superior renal protection compared to insulin in early-stage diabetic kidney disease by reducing CD36 levels and urinary albumin excretion.

If you have type 2 diabetes and early kidney disease, ask your doctor about GLP-1 receptor agonists. They may protect your kidneys better than insulin while you continue taking metformin.

Maternal depression during pregnancy is significantly associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), suggesting that screening for depression may reduce GDM risk.

If you are pregnant, pay attention to your mental health. Depression during pregnancy is linked to a higher risk of gestational diabetes. Talk to your doctor about screening for depression to help protect your health and your baby's.

Public health reformulation of ultra-processed foods (UPF) fails to reduce population-level health harms because industry growth strategies (combatition, swotification, fashion spiral, demand-pumping) drive aggregate UPF consumption upward, negating individual product improvements.

Do not rely on 'reformulated' or 'light' UPFs as a health strategy. The food industry uses reformulation to maintain growth and market share, often increasing total consumption through strategies like smaller, more frequent portions ('portion paradoxes') and novelty marketing. To improve health, the most effective intervention is reducing the overall availability and consumption of the UPF category, not just tweaking its ingredients.

Whey protein supplements do not consistently provide superior body composition or strength benefits compared to whole milk or milk powder, and may carry risks of insulin resistance due to high branched-chain amino acid content.

You likely do not need expensive whey protein powder to build muscle. Whole milk or milk powder provide similar muscle-building benefits at a much lower cost and with additional nutritional advantages.

Marathon running induces significant, transient cardiac stress markers (Hs-TnT, ST2, NT-proBNP) in both men and women, with values returning to baseline within 48 hours, indicating that acute cardiac damage is a normal physiological response to extreme endurance efforts rather than necessarily pathological.

Do not panic if your cardiac biomarkers (like troponin) are elevated immediately after a marathon. This is a common, transient physiological response to extreme exertion. In healthy individuals, these levels typically return to baseline within 48 hours. Persistent symptoms or failure of markers to normalize should be evaluated by a physician.

Restricting saturated fat intake does not consistently reduce cardiovascular disease risk and may be associated with lower mortality when replaced by carbohydrates, challenging blanket low-fat dietary guidelines.

Stop fearing saturated fat in whole foods like meat, dairy, and nuts. Current evidence suggests that restricting these foods does not lower heart disease risk and may be worse if you replace them with high-carbohydrate foods. Focus on eating whole, unprocessed foods rather than isolating fat content.

No single vegetable oil crop is inherently 'good' or 'bad'; the environmental and social impact depends entirely on the production system, trade practices, and local context.

Don't just look for 'palm oil-free' labels. Focus on supporting sustainable certification and production practices. No oil crop is inherently evil; the impact depends on how and where it is grown. Consider the broader environmental trade-offs of different oils.

Menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use do not significantly influence exercise performance or muscular hypertrophy in response to resistance training.

Train consistently regardless of your cycle phase. There is no evidence that you will lose muscle gains or performance by training during your luteal phase or while on birth control. Focus on progressive overload and consistency rather than phase-specific modifications.

Human milk consumption in infancy is associated with lower risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood, mediated by improved glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota modulation.

Breastfeeding offers long-term metabolic advantages, including lower risks of obesity and diabetes, likely due to unique components like oligosaccharides that shape gut health and energy regulation. If breastfeeding is not possible, focus on high-quality nutrition for the infant, as the metabolic programming benefits are significant but not exclusive to breast milk.

PP protects against beta-cell apoptosis and may improve insulin sensitivity by enhancing the availability of insulin receptors.

PP may protect beta-cells and improve insulin sensitivity, suggesting potential anti-diabetic benefits.

GLP-1 receptor agonists (specifically exenatide) reduce fat mass and energy intake in HO patients but do not significantly alter BMI compared to placebo in the short term, and may decrease total energy expenditure.

Exenatide may help reduce fat mass and waist size in HO, but it often fails to lower BMI significantly. It is not a magic bullet for HO and requires careful monitoring for side effects like nausea.