Research
Cellular
Smokers had much lower plasma levels of beta-carotene than did nonsmokers (geometric mean 8.5 vs. 15.3 micrograms/dl for men; 17.3 vs. 26.3 micrograms/dl for women).
Practitioners should consider the impact of smoking on beta-carotene levels when assessing nutritional status.
StrongSupportsmedium confidence
Smokers had much lower plasma levels of beta-carotene than did nonsmokers (geometric mean 8.5 vs. 15.3 micrograms/dl for men; 17.3 vs. 26.3 micrograms/dl for women).
Why this rating
Based on the study design involving a significant sample size and multiple variables.
Source
THE RELATION OF DIET, CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION TO PLASMA BETA-CAROTENE AND ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL LEVELS
W. SCOTT STRYKER et al. · American Journal of Epidemiology · 1988
DOI 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114804
cross-sectional · n=330Cited 520×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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