Research
Cellular
Men who smoked one pack per day had 72% of the plasma beta-carotene levels of nonsmokers after accounting for dietary carotene and other variables.
This indicates that smoking significantly reduces beta-carotene levels, which should be considered in dietary assessments.
StrongSupportsmedium confidence
In multiple regression analyses, men who smoked one pack per day had 72% (95% confidence interval (CI) 58-89) of the plasma beta-carotene levels of nonsmokers after accounting for dietary carotene and other variables.
Why this rating
The claim is based on robust statistical analysis from the study.
Source
THE RELATION OF DIET, CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION TO PLASMA BETA-CAROTENE AND ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL LEVELS
W. SCOTT STRYKER et al. · American Journal of Epidemiology · 1988
DOI 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114804
cross-sectional · n=330Cited 520×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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