Research
Energy balance
Female age-group swimmers consuming less than 2000 kcal daily despite high training loads exhibit significant carbohydrate deficiency relative to energy expenditure, leading to an estimated 800 kcal daily energy deficit.
If you are a female swimmer training 6000m daily, your current intake is likely insufficient. You need to increase total calories and specifically carbohydrates to match your expenditure, aiming for at least 7g/kg/day if possible, to avoid energy deficits that impair performance and recovery.
ModerateSupportsMEDIUM confidence
The male swimmers in this study were consuming 3072(732) kcal (12.9(3.1) MJ) daily, with females consuming 2130(544) kcal (8.9(0.6) MJ)... the females were consuming ~800 kcal (3.4 MJ) less than their estimated daily energy requirements.
Why this rating
Observational study with self-reported dietary records, which the authors acknowledge may suffer from under-reporting.
Source
Dietary intakes of age-group swimmers.
John A. Hawley et al. · British Journal of Sports Medicine · 1991
DOI 10.1136/bjsm.25.3.154
cross_sectional · n=20Cited 28×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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