Research
Micronutrients & recovery
A significant proportion of competitive age-group swimmers (55% male, 82% female) have calcium intakes below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA).
Check your calcium intake. More than half of these swimmers were below RDA. Ensure adequate dairy or fortified sources to support bone health, especially in growing athletes.
ModerateSupportsMEDIUM confidence
Dietary analysis revealed that 11 swimmers (55%) had calcium intakes below recommended dietary allowances (RDA)... Eleven swimmers (55%) reported calcium intakes below the RDA
Why this rating
Self-reported dietary data compared against standard RDAs.
Source
Dietary intakes of age-group swimmers.
John A. Hawley et al. · British Journal of Sports Medicine · 1991
DOI 10.1136/bjsm.25.3.154
cross_sectional · n=20Cited 28×
Read the paper DOI resolved against Crossref · corpus check 2026-06-10
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- Female age-group swimmers consuming less than 2000 kcal daily despite high training loads exhibit significant carbohydrate deficiency relative to energy expenditure, leading to an estimated 800 kcal daily energy deficit.Moderate
- Female age-group swimmers have significantly lower absolute carbohydrate intake (292g) compared to males (404g) despite identical training loads, resulting in a deficiency relative to recommended endurance guidelines.Moderate
- Female age-group swimmers have significantly lower iron intakes (mean 14.4mg) compared to the RDA (18mg), with 82% of females falling below the recommended level.Moderate
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