Browse the evidence

Internet-delivered CBTI significantly reduces the severity of depressive symptoms in adults with insomnia.

Treating insomnia with iCBTI may also help reduce symptoms of depression, which often co-occur with sleep problems. This suggests a dual benefit for individuals struggling with both sleep and mood.

Exposure to shorter, wider bottles or glasses (vs. taller, narrower) increases the quantity of non-alcoholic beverages selected and consumed.

Using shorter, wider glasses or bottles may lead you to pour and drink more than using taller, narrower ones. If you want to drink less, consider using taller, narrower containers.

Multicomponent non-pharmacological management (combining exercise, education, and weight management) yields larger improvements in pain and function than single interventions for hip and knee osteoarthritis.

For hip or knee osteoarthritis, do not rely on just one treatment. Combine exercise (tailored to your ability), education on self-management, and weight loss support (if needed) into a single plan. This combination works better than any single part alone.

Telephone-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) significantly improves sleep quality and reduces insomnia severity in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms compared to menopause education.

If you are a perimenopausal or postmenopausal woman struggling with sleep and hot flashes, consider telephone-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I). This treatment involves six brief phone sessions over two months focusing on sleep scheduling and changing sleep-related thoughts. It has been proven to significantly improve sleep quality and reduce the interference of hot flashes on daily life, offering a practical alternative to medications with fewer side effects.

Stretching does not meaningfully reduce the risk of sports injuries.

Stop relying on static stretching to prevent injuries. It doesn't work. If you want to stay injury-free, focus on proper technique, gradual progression, and sport-specific dynamic warm-ups instead of static stretching routines.

Group cognitive behavioural therapy (group-CBT) does not improve long-term weight maintenance or reduce weight regain in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes following a very low calorie diet (VLCD).

If you have type 2 diabetes and have successfully lost weight using a very low calorie diet, adding group cognitive behavioural therapy is unlikely to help you keep the weight off compared to standard diabetes care alone. Standard care includes regular visits with doctors and dietitians, which may already provide enough support for maintenance. Focus on maintaining the dietary habits and physical activity established during the weight loss phase rather than expecting psychological therapy to prevent regain.

Internet interventions are effective for smoking cessation, increasing abstinence rates.

Use internet-based programs to help you quit smoking. These programs offer personalized feedback and support, which can increase your chances of staying smoke-free.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is the recommended first-line treatment for stable ambulatory patients with OHS who also have severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).

If you have OHS and severe sleep apnea, CPAP is the standard first treatment. You need to use it every night. While it can be uncomfortable at first, it is necessary to keep your airways open and manage your breathing until weight loss interventions can potentially resolve the underlying syndrome.

A 10-year intensive lifestyle intervention targeting weight loss and increased physical activity does not reduce the overall prevalence of cognitive impairment or probable dementia in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes.

For adults with type 2 diabetes, a 10-year intensive lifestyle program focusing on weight loss and exercise did not reduce the overall risk of developing mild cognitive impairment or dementia compared to standard diabetes education. While the intervention successfully produced sustained weight loss and increased physical activity, these changes did not translate to a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment in this specific population. However, the intervention did improve other health metrics, suggesting that lifestyle changes remain important for general health even if they do not prevent cognitive decline in this context.

Polysomnography (PSG) is not routinely indicated for the diagnosis of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (CRSDs) but is indicated to rule out other primary sleep disorders.

Do not expect a sleep lab test (PSG) to diagnose your circadian disorder. Instead, track your sleep with logs or actigraphy. PSG is only used if your doctor suspects another condition like sleep apnea.

Ultrasound (US) is the preferred first-line diagnostic procedure for imaging NAFLD due to its availability and cost-effectiveness, despite lower sensitivity for mild steatosis compared to MRI.

If you have risk factors for NAFLD (obesity, diabetes), ask your doctor for an abdominal ultrasound. It is the standard, accessible way to check for liver fat.

There is no clear evidence that portion, package, or tableware size affects the selection or consumption of alcohol or tobacco products.

Changing the size of alcohol or tobacco packages is unlikely to have a significant impact on consumption based on current evidence.

Systematic screening for ischaemic heart disease risk factors combined with repeated lifestyle counselling does not reduce the 10-year incidence of ischaemic heart disease in the general population.

Regular health screenings and lifestyle advice alone, without more intensive or sustained support, may not prevent heart disease in the general population. Focus on sustainable lifestyle habits rather than just risk assessment.

Formal, structured interventions aimed at preventing weight gain in normal-weight adults have minimal effect and are not recommended.

If you are already at a normal weight, formal weight-loss programs are not recommended as they offer minimal benefit (less than 1 kg). Focus on maintaining your current healthy lifestyle rather than seeking out structured prevention programs.