Browse the evidence

SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin) significantly reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes, independent of glycemic control.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes and are at risk for heart failure, ask your doctor about SGLT2 inhibitors (like empagliflozin or dapagliflozin). These drugs have been proven in large studies to significantly lower the risk of hospitalization for heart failure, even independent of their blood sugar-lowering effects. This is a key preventive strategy for heart health in diabetes.

Finerenone, a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, reduces cardiovascular and renal risks in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

If you have type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, adding finerenone to your current treatment can significantly lower your risk of heart problems and kidney failure. It is designed to avoid the side effects of older medications in its class.

Historical obesity pharmacotherapies utilizing thyroid hormones, sympathomimetics, and serotonergic agents were withdrawn due to severe cardiovascular, psychiatric, or oncological toxicity, despite demonstrating weight loss efficacy.

Do not use historical weight loss drugs like thyroid hormones, amphetamines, or fenfluramine. They are dangerous and have been withdrawn from the market due to severe side effects like heart damage and death. Modern treatments focus on safer mechanisms like GLP-1 agonists.

There is no head-to-head evidence to determine which drug class (THR-β vs Incretins) is superior for histological outcomes in MASH.

Both resmetirom and incretins work for MASH, but we don't know which is better for the liver itself because no study has compared them directly.

SGLT2 inhibitors are expected to result in blood pressure reduction.

SGLT2 inhibitors may also help in managing blood pressure in patients.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and other hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been shown to increase muscle mass.

Hormonal treatments can be considered for increasing muscle mass in patients with muscle atrophy.

CCK-A by itself does not have a central role in long-term energy balance.

This suggests that targeting CCK-A alone may not be effective for weight management strategies.

Growth hormone does not have anabolic effects on contractile muscle tissue in healthy individuals.

Practitioners should not rely on growth hormone for muscle anabolism in healthy individuals.

Acute insulin response (AIR) is a highly familial trait with a heritability estimate of 0.80 at 10 minutes.

AIR should be considered in genetic assessments of diabetes risk.

Androstenedione supplementation is unlikely to provide male athletes with any anabolic benefit.

Athletes should be cautious about using androstenedione for performance enhancement as it may not yield expected anabolic effects.

A 25% caloric restriction diet for 6 months does not change growth hormone (GH), GH secretion, or insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in nonobese men and women.

Caloric restriction may not be effective for altering GH and IGF-1 levels in nonobese individuals.

There were no reported hospitalizations from severe hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis in the treated group.

The safety profile suggests that tirzepatide may be a safe option for managing T1D in this population.

There is a strong correlation between online search trends and prescriptions for semaglutide (Wegovy) with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.97.

Monitoring online search trends can provide insights into public interest in obesity medications.

Bioavailable testosterone did not change for either the low-glycaemic load or low-fat diet groups.

Dietary changes may not affect testosterone levels in adolescents with PCOS.

Use of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) is associated with an increased incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.07 (95% CI, 1.03-1.11).

Clinicians should be aware of the increased risk of DR when prescribing GLP-1 RAs to patients with T2D.

GLP-1 RAs are not associated with progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.97-1.15) or diabetic macular edema (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.95-1.01) in patients with preexisting DR.

Patients with preexisting DR may not experience worsening of certain complications when treated with GLP-1 RAs.

In patients with cardiometabolic HFpEF, semaglutide showed a 42% lower risk of hospitalization for heart failure or all-cause mortality compared with sitagliptin.

Semaglutide may be a beneficial treatment option for patients with HFpEF and cardiometabolic conditions.

There were no significant changes in testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels after the resistance training program.

Resistance training may not significantly affect testosterone and IGF-1 levels in older women.

GIP antagonism has been shown to reduce the development of obesity in preclinical models.

GIP antagonism could be a potential strategy for obesity treatment.

The effect of linolenic acid on food intake and body mass disappears in mice lacking the GDF15 receptor GFRAL.

The presence of the GFRAL receptor is essential for the appetite-suppressing effects of linolenic acid.

Manufacturer discounts for GLP1s approved for obesity were estimated at 41%, resulting in net prices of $717 to $761 per month of supply.

Practitioners should consider the significant discounts when discussing GLP1s with patients.

Manufacturer discounts for GLP1s approved for type 2 diabetes ranged from 54% to 59%, leading to net prices of $312 to $469 per month of supply.

Practitioners should be aware of the cost implications of GLP1s for type 2 diabetes when advising patients.

The magnitude of manufacturer discounts highlights the importance of considering net price information in coverage decision-making for GLP1s.

Healthcare decision-makers should factor in net prices when evaluating GLP1 coverage options.

The development of new uses and long-lasting preparations of GLP-1 drugs is crucial for future market potential.

Practitioners should stay informed about new formulations and uses of GLP-1 drugs to leverage their market potential.