Browse the evidence

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) achieves superior comorbidity remission compared to intensive medical therapy.

MBS should be considered as a primary treatment option for patients with severe obesity and related comorbidities.

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass provides superior long-term remission of dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease compared to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Surgeons should consider Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for patients with specific comorbidities.

KN069 led to significant metabolic improvements including lower fasting glucose and triglycerides.

KN069 may improve metabolic health markers in this population.

GLP-1 RAs demonstrate multisystemic benefits including cardiovascular risk reduction and improved renal outcomes.

Incorporating GLP-1 RAs in treatment plans may enhance overall patient health beyond weight loss.

Intermittent exogenous ketosis (IEK) may increase endurance through glycogen sparing.

Practitioners may consider IEK as a strategy to enhance endurance in athletes.

Retatrutide achieves an 82.4% relative reduction in hepatic fat and normalizes liver fat in 86% of patients.

Retatrutide may be beneficial for patients with fatty liver disease.

Nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) increased from PRE (60 ± 14 ms) to END (69 ± 19 ms) and was strongly associated with the change in fat mass (r= 0.90, p<0.01).

Practitioners may consider monitoring HRV as an indicator of stress adaptation during weight loss in athletes.

Both protein and placebo groups showed improvements in most cardiorespiratory fitness-related and physical performance measures.

Both protein and carbohydrate supplementation can lead to improvements in physical performance for stroke patients undergoing aerobic training.

Most metabolite shifts occurred during the dietary intervention phase, with minimal additional changes after resistance training.

Emphasizing dietary changes may yield more immediate metabolic benefits than resistance training alone.

A high-protein diet, alone or combined with resistance training, induces modest but measurable metabolic shifts without disrupting global metabolic homeostasis.

Older adults can safely increase protein intake without adverse metabolic effects, especially when combined with exercise.

Daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake during exercise was significantly below the moderate recommendation of 30 g·h-1, averaging approximately 11.5 g·h-1.

Athletes should ensure adequate carbohydrate intake during exercise to meet performance recommendations.

Metformin is considered the universal first-line medication for type 2 diabetes due to its low cost, effectiveness, and potential for weight loss.

Metformin should be prioritized in treatment plans for type 2 diabetes.

Gastric bypass surgery has a dramatic effect on diabetes, with 67% of patients with diabetes treatment before surgery being without diabetes treatment 2 years after surgery.

Gastric bypass can significantly improve diabetes management in patients.

Therapies such as thiazolidinedione, insulin secretagogue, and insulin are less suitable for individuals with obesity and T2D as they are associated with weight gain.

Clinicians should avoid prescribing therapies that promote weight gain in obese T2D patients.

Incorporating MRs into a weight loss intervention leads to reductions in LDL cholesterol by -0.18 mmol/L.

Meal replacements may improve lipid profiles in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

Lebensstilinterventionen sind essenziell, während medikamentöse und operative Ansätze Potenzial zur Reduktion kardiovaskulärer Ereignisse zeigen.

Practitioners should implement lifestyle changes while considering pharmacological and surgical options for patients.

GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce central adiposity, SBP, DBP, and insulin resistance.

Practitioners should consider GLP-1 receptor agonists for improving metabolic health in this population.

Insulin resistance leads to a metabolic profile that is strongly atherogenic, accelerating atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.

Understanding the atherogenic effects of insulin resistance can guide cardiovascular risk management.

Clamp-derived insulin sensitivity increased by 50% in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and HOMA-IR decreased by 26% in both studies.

Improvements in insulin sensitivity are achievable through lifestyle interventions, regardless of body composition changes.

Participants on a very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD) experienced the largest improvements in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglyceride (TG) levels.

Practitioners may consider VLCKD for patients seeking improvements in lipid profiles.

The very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD) group showed the largest improvements in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglyceride (TG) levels.

VLCKD may be particularly beneficial for improving lipid profiles in healthy adults.

Increasing fat availability leads to higher rates of whole-body and muscular lipid use during regular moderate-intensity aerobic activity.

Practitioners can utilize fat availability strategies to enhance lipid utilization during aerobic activities.

Low-carb diets may lead to lower levels of HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Practitioners may consider recommending low-carb diets to help manage HbA1c levels in diabetic patients.

Significantly fewer participants in the bariatric surgery group required TKA following weight loss.

Practitioners should note that bariatric surgery may lead to symptom improvement, reducing the need for TKA.