Browse the evidence

Complete alcohol abstinence is recommended for patients with significant fibrosis.

Practitioners should advise patients with significant fibrosis to abstain from alcohol.

Further interventional studies involving humans are needed to better understand the role of soy isoflavones in PCOS.

More research is necessary to fully understand how soy isoflavones can be effectively used in treating PCOS.

Strategies in supporting health and performance over a player's career are encouraged.

Organizations should hire qualified nutrition professionals to support players' long-term health.

Semaglutide's success in India will depend on affordability, rational prescribing, and integration into preventive care frameworks.

Efforts should focus on making semaglutide accessible and integrating it into broader health strategies.

Further investigations are warranted regarding the effects of GLP-1-based therapies on skeletal muscle.

Practitioners should advocate for more research to better understand the implications of GLP-1 therapies on muscle health.

Supplementation with flaxseed oil (omega-3 fatty acids) and leucine shows some promise for improving recovery outcomes after ACL reconstruction, but high-quality evidence is lacking.

Flaxseed oil and leucine show some promise for ACL recovery, but current evidence is too weak to recommend them as standard care. Focus on proven strategies like high protein intake and physical therapy first.

Vitamin C and E supplementation (200 IU E and 1000 mg C daily) does not significantly improve functional outcomes, graft rupture rates, or inflammatory markers after ACL reconstruction.

Taking high doses of Vitamin C and E (1000 mg and 200 IU twice daily) does not appear to significantly improve functional outcomes or reduce inflammation after ACL surgery. It is not recommended as a standard part of recovery.

Short-term intensive insulin therapy can induce T2DM remission in newly diagnosed patients with high blood glucose levels (HbA1c ≥ 10% and FBG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L) by restoring beta-cell function.

If you were just diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes and your blood sugar is very high, your doctor might suggest a short course of insulin. This isn't forever; it's used to quickly lower your blood sugar and give your pancreas a break so it can start working better on its own. This is most effective for people recently diagnosed.

The Blue Zones longevity paradigm is invalid because extreme longevity records in these regions are statistically associated with poverty, illiteracy, and clerical errors rather than lifestyle factors.

Do not rely on Blue Zone recommendations as a guaranteed path to longevity. The evidence suggests that the extreme longevity often cited in these regions is likely due to administrative errors and fraud rather than their lifestyle. Focus on verifiable health metrics and accurate data rather than geographic myths.

The Lipid Hypothesis, which demonized saturated fats and promoted high-carbohydrate diets, is flawed and has contributed to the global pandemic of chronic metabolic diseases.

Re-evaluate your intake of saturated fats. The paper suggests that saturated fats are essential for health and that the high carbohydrate intake promoted by the Lipid Hypothesis may be contributing to metabolic diseases. Consider reducing carbohydrates and incorporating healthy saturated fats.

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) improves depressive, anxiety, and non-normative eating symptoms, as well as attention, compared to nonsurgical controls, though evidence certainty is low to very low.

If you have obesity and struggle with depression, anxiety, or disordered eating, metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) may help improve these symptoms more than nonsurgical treatments. However, the evidence is not yet high-quality, and you should be aware that MBS might slightly increase the risk of substance use disorders or suicide in the long term (>2 years). Regular mental health monitoring is essential after surgery.

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) slightly increases the risk of substance use disorders and suicide deaths more than 2 years post-surgery compared to nonsurgical controls.

Be aware that while MBS improves mental health symptoms, it may slightly increase the risk of substance use disorders and suicide more than 2 years after surgery. Long-term mental health support and monitoring are essential to mitigate these risks.

Retatrutide, a triple-hormone receptor agonist (GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon), can cause intractable, secretory diarrhea and acute kidney injury, particularly when used off-label via unregulated online sources with unestablished dosing protocols.

If you are using retatrutide or similar GLP-1 agonists obtained from online sources, be aware that dosing is not standardized and risks are higher. Intractable diarrhea and kidney injury are serious potential side effects. Seek regulated medical care for weight loss management to ensure safe dosing and monitoring.

Higher baseline levels of Myostatin are associated with significant functional decline (Gait Speed and 6MWD) in older adults with sarcopenia, while inflammatory markers (IL-6, hsCRP) show less consistent or no correlation with functional decline.

While not yet a standard clinical test, high Myostatin levels may predict functional decline in sarcopenic older adults. In contrast, common inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6) did not correlate with functional decline in this study, suggesting they may not be the primary drivers of functional loss in this population.

GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide may reduce the exposure (efficacy) of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors like alectinib due to delayed gastric emptying.

Be aware that taking semaglutide might reduce how much cancer medication your body absorbs. However, slow titration (starting low and going slow) may help mitigate this interaction.

Human observational studies on MSG and obesity show inconsistent results, with some finding positive associations and others finding no association or inverse associations, largely due to measurement errors and confounding factors.

Human studies on MSG and weight are mixed. While animal studies suggest risks, human data is not conclusive. Reducing intake of processed foods with hidden MSG is a low-risk strategy for overall health.

Chronic GIPR agonism may lead to desensitization that mimics functional antagonism, potentially explaining why both agonists and antagonists result in weight loss.

There is a theoretical possibility that long-term use of GIP-activating drugs could lead to receptor desensitization, acting like a blocker. However, current clinical evidence does not strongly support this in the brain, and these drugs remain effective for weight loss. Monitor your progress with your doctor.

Unimolecular tetra-receptor agonists (TC4) simultaneously activate GLP-1R, GIPR, GcgR, and Y2R, resulting in superior metabolic efficacy (weight loss and glycemic control) compared to mono- or dual-agonists by leveraging synergistic receptor engagement.

This research describes a new class of peptide drugs that target four metabolic receptors (GLP-1, GIP, Glucagon, and PYY) simultaneously. In preclinical studies, this approach showed strong potential for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes with fewer side effects like nausea than older drugs. It is not yet available for human use.

Tirzepatide administration is associated with novel postmarketing adverse events including palpitations, musculoskeletal pain, and headaches, which were not prominent in initial clinical trials.

If you experience palpitations, muscle pain, or headaches after starting Tirzepatide, report these to your doctor. These are not the typical stomach issues and may require dose adjustment or injection site changes.

South Asian ethnicity is predisposed to 'thin-fat' obesity (normal weight obesity), leading to higher risks of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia at lower BMIs.

If you are South Asian, your risk for diabetes and heart disease starts at a lower weight than other ethnicities. Even if your BMI is normal, you might have 'thin-fat' obesity. Get regular check-ups for blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol, and focus on building muscle and staying active.

Tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist, may modify the natural course of lipedema by targeting its underlying immunometabolic, inflammatory, and fibrotic pathophysiology, rather than solely reducing body weight.

If you have lipedema, especially with insulin resistance, talk to your doctor about tirzepatide. It’s not just for weight loss; it may help reduce the inflammation and fibrosis causing your pain and stiffness. Since it’s a newer treatment for lipedema, ask about clinical trials or off-label use if appropriate for your case.

An automatic remote weight management system using smart scales and cloud-based dashboards can effectively monitor treatment response and identify early deviations from weight trajectories without increasing patient burden.

Using a smart scale that automatically uploads data to your doctor's dashboard can help catch weight regain early without you having to do extra work. This tool helps your care team prioritize who needs help, potentially keeping you on your medication and avoiding unnecessary visits.

GLP-1 RAs are associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior and self-harm, particularly in patients with underlying mental health vulnerabilities or dysphoria.

If you are taking Semaglutide and experience mood changes, depression, or suicidal thoughts, contact your healthcare provider immediately. Do not ignore these symptoms. Regular screening for mental health is recommended for all patients on this medication.

Creatine supplementation trends toward increasing lean muscle mass in prostate cancer patients undergoing ADT.

Creatine supplementation may help preserve lean muscle mass in prostate cancer patients on hormone therapy, though the evidence is not yet definitive. It is worth discussing with your healthcare provider as a potential supportive measure.