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Cost sharing was associated with significantly greater initial engagement compared to total subsidy (OR 3.73, P < 0.001).

Implementing cost sharing may enhance initial engagement in weight-loss programs.

Mass media + total subsidy group had significantly greater calls and weight loss at 12 months compared to mixed campaign + total subsidy (-2.6% vs -1.8%, P = 0.04).

Using mass media campaigns alongside total subsidies may improve participation and weight loss outcomes.

Calcium release statistically improved with an 8 mg • kg -1 dose of caffeine compared to both a 6 mg • kg -1 dose and placebo.

Enhancing calcium release through caffeine may be beneficial for strength training outcomes.

Faster resistance training tempos may have a trivial advantage over slower tempos for muscle hypertrophy.

Practitioners might consider that while faster tempos could be slightly more beneficial, the difference is not significant.

Subgroup analyses indicate trivial to small effects of resistance training tempo on muscle hypertrophy under specific conditions.

Practitioners should be aware that the effects of tempo may vary based on specific training conditions.

The number of skeletal muscle satellite cells (N-CAM +) increased significantly by T4 and remained elevated at T120.

Practitioners can expect that eccentric exercise may enhance satellite cell activation, aiding muscle recovery.

Serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) increased at T4, indicating its role in muscle satellite cell activation.

Increased HGF levels post-exercise may be leveraged to enhance muscle recovery strategies.

A vegan diet had a more pronounced impact on the innate immune system than a ketogenic diet.

Practitioners may consider vegan diets for enhancing innate immune responses.

A ketogenic diet had a more pronounced impact on B and T cell response compared to a vegan diet.

Practitioners may consider ketogenic diets for enhancing B and T cell responses.

A ketogenic diet significantly alters microbiome composition compared to a vegan diet.

Practitioners may consider the impact of ketogenic diets on gut microbiome composition.

Energy density, hyper-palatability, protein content, and eating rate significantly contribute to energy intake during meals.

Practitioners should consider these meal characteristics when assessing energy intake.

The relative importance of meal characteristics on energy intake varies by dietary pattern.

Dietary patterns should be considered when evaluating meal characteristics and energy intake.

Novel study designs can account for confounding sources of variation in individual response to resistance training.

Practitioners can use these study designs to better understand individual training responses.

Decreasing the protein content of the diet leads to compensatory increases in total energy intake, resulting in weight gain.

Practitioners should consider the protein content of diets to manage energy intake and weight.

A small decrease in the protein fraction of the food supply can lead to large increases in energy intake.

Small dietary adjustments can have significant impacts on energy balance and weight management.

Volume load (VL) in the bench press (BP) was affected by exercise order, independent of the mode.

Practitioners should consider exercise order when designing resistance training programs.

The close-grip bench press (CGBP) showed higher volume load in the first exercise order (O1).

Prioritizing CGBP in training sessions may enhance performance.

Myoelectric activity was higher for the clavicular head pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and triceps brachii long head when the bench press was last in the sequence.

Adjusting exercise order can optimize muscle activation during training.

Progressing up to maximum recoverable volume (MRV) may be unnecessary and suboptimal for hypertrophy.

Avoid pushing training volume to the maximum recoverable level to optimize hypertrophy outcomes.

The net cumulative fat imbalance was predicted to be more negative with the reduced fat diet compared to the reduced carbohydrate diet.

The effects of dietary fat reduction on fat loss may be more complex than expected.

Both training programs resulted in significant reductions in LDL cholesterol, with linear training showing a decrease of -15.1 mg·dL-1 and undulating-periodized training showing a decrease of -9.4 mg·dL-1.

Implementing these training programs can help lower LDL cholesterol in older adults.

Change in low-and no-calorie sweetened beverage (LNCSB) intake was associated with lower weight (MD, -0.008 kg/y).

Reducing LNCSB intake may help in weight management.

Highly trained endurance cyclists can perform intense interval training sessions during short-term exposure to a high-fat diet despite their increased subjective ratings of effort.

Coaches can consider incorporating high-fat diets for trained athletes without compromising performance.

The rate of fat oxidation increased from 31 ± 13 μmol.kg−1.min−1 on d-2 to 61 ± 25 μmol.kg−1.min−1 on d-5 after FAT-ADAPT.

Athletes may enhance fat oxidation through short-term high-fat dietary adaptations.