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Carbohydrate availability is a critical factor in the performance of high-intensity intermittent work and prolonged aerobic exercise.

To enhance performance, athletes should ensure adequate carbohydrate intake before, during, and after exercise.

Strategies to maintain or enhance carbohydrate availability are critical to performance and are recommended in current sports nutrition guidelines.

Athletes should implement carbohydrate ingestion strategies to optimize performance.

Body fat was reduced to very low levels (∼5%) immediately before competition, but this corresponded with a loss of lean mass.

Practitioners should be aware that extreme fat loss can lead to loss of lean mass.

Participants in the caloric restriction arms lost significant amounts of body weight.

Caloric restriction can be an effective strategy for weight loss in overweight individuals.

Two years of calorie restriction (CR) resulted in a 7.7 kg decrease in body weight in the CR group.

Calorie restriction can lead to significant weight loss over two years.

Optimal carbohydrate and protein intakes are vital for modulating training adaptation, recovery, and exercise performance.

Athletes should prioritize adequate carbohydrate and protein intake to enhance training and performance.

Current recommendations should be used as a basis for an individualized approach to nutrition for female athletes.

Coaches and nutritionists should customize nutrition plans for female athletes based on individual needs and menstrual cycle effects.

Adequate dietary sources or supplements of specific nutrients are necessary for vegan diets.

Health professionals should ensure that vegan patients receive adequate nutrients through diet or supplements.

Exercise training resulted in favorable changes in exercise capacity in CAD patients with T2D (+0.2 ± 0.8 MET) and without T2D (+0.3 ± 0.7 MET) compared to the control group.

Implementing structured exercise training can enhance exercise capacity in CAD patients.

DIAAS scores and available protein were higher for omnivorous versus vegetarian athletes (+11% and +43%, respectively, p < 0.05).

Athletes following an omnivorous diet may have better protein quality compared to those on a vegetarian diet.

Omnivorous participants had significantly higher lean body mass than vegetarian participants (+14%).

Omnivorous athletes may have an advantage in lean body mass compared to vegetarian athletes.

Vegetarian athletes would need to consume, on average, an additional 10 g protein daily to reach the recommended intake for protein (1.2 g/kg/d).

Vegetarian athletes should consider increasing their protein intake to meet recommended levels.

The Mediterranean Diet may be of greater interest for the management of T2DM.

Consider recommending the Mediterranean Diet as a potential strategy for managing T2DM.

The recommended dietary prescription for the Mediterranean Diet includes 40-50% carbohydrates, 15-25% proteins, and 25-35% fats.

Use these macronutrient guidelines when advising patients on the Mediterranean Diet for T2DM management.

The ACSM supports the inclusion of physical activity in medical treatments for excess weight and adiposity.

Practitioners should incorporate physical activity into treatment plans for patients with excess weight.

For weight loss and prevention of weight gain, physical activity should be progressed to at least 150 min·wk-1 of moderate-intensity.

Encourage clients to engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity weekly for effective weight management.

The low-carbohydrate diet intervention group had a significant reduction in body weight of -5.9 kg.

A low-carbohydrate diet may contribute to significant weight loss in individuals with prediabetes or untreated diabetes.

Low muscle glycogen availability reduced power output by approximately 8% compared with normal glycogen availability.

Practitioners should be aware that low glycogen levels can significantly impair high-intensity cycling performance.

Dietary interventions were beneficial for weight control in overweight and obese adolescents with PCOS.

Practitioners can consider dietary interventions for weight management in adolescents with PCOS.

Intensive, multicomponent behavioural interventions for overweight and obese adults can lead to weight loss.

Encourage intensive behavioral interventions for weight management in obese adults.

Aerobic exercise increased from 63 to 132 minutes/week from baseline to 3 months.

Implementing technology-based self-monitoring can effectively increase aerobic activity in midlife women.

Activity was maintained at 6 months at 135 minutes/week.

Long-term engagement in physical activity can be achieved with the right interventions.

Supporting an athlete's need for autonomy by allowing choices concerning training variables can be an effective coaching strategy.

Coaches should incorporate autonomy in training to enhance effectiveness.

Autonomy support has been shown to improve motor learning, performance, and motivation.

Enhancing autonomy can lead to better learning and performance outcomes.