Browse the evidence

Metformin prescribing was marginally higher (1.6%) among those with BMI ≥35 kg/m2, age <60 years, HbA1c ≥6.0%, or those with a history of gestational diabetes.

Practitioners should consider these factors when prescribing metformin.

Further research is needed on management avenues for gastrointestinal events to ensure long-term use of semaglutide.

Ongoing research is essential for optimizing the use of semaglutide in clinical practice.

Obesity is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality with health consequences that crosscut most medical specialties.

Healthcare providers should recognize the widespread impact of obesity on health.

There are many impediments to comprehensive obesity care despite the emergence of effective therapies.

Clinicians should be aware of and address barriers to effective obesity treatment.

Lifestyle modifications have limited lasting effects on weight and blood pressure reduction.

Practitioners should consider the limited effectiveness of lifestyle changes alone for weight and BP management.

The review intends to indirectly compare the adverse events of available glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist pharmaceuticals.

The review may provide insights into the safety profile of these medications for practitioners.

Current pharmacological treatments aim to restore energy balance by targeting disrupted pathways.

Practitioners should be aware of pharmacological options that target energy balance in obesity management.

Categories of weight change did not differ for change in physical activity or dietary intake.

Weight change categories may not influence physical activity or dietary intake adjustments.

Intervention conditions did not differ for change in weight, physical activity, dietary intake, and measures of hunger, dietary disinhibition, and total dietary restraint.

Different physical activity interventions may not lead to significant differences in weight or dietary behaviors.

Rates of obesity have doubled for adults and quadrupled for adolescents since the 1990s.

Practitioners should be aware of the rising obesity rates to address this public health issue.

There needs to be a cultural shift to accept obesity as a disease and improve access to effective treatments sooner.

Advocacy for policy changes and education on obesity as a disease is essential.

Patient factors potentially contributing to increased aspiration risks included a higher body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, emergency case, and time from GLP-1 agonist cessation.

Understanding these risk factors can help clinicians better assess patients on GLP-1 agonists before surgery.

The tolerability and key adverse events associated with these AOMs appear to be acceptable in randomized controlled trials.

Clinicians can be reassured about the safety profile of newer AOMs based on trial data.

The incidence of obesity-related glomerulopathy has increased ten-fold in recent years.

Increased awareness and screening for kidney issues in obese patients is essential.

The current evidence for interventions that address food insecurity and obesity is mixed and limited in scope.

More rigorous trials are needed to determine effective interventions for obesity in food-insecure populations.

Success in weight loss was independent of the quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake.

Weight loss programs may not need to focus on carbohydrate quantity or quality.

The control group demonstrated a trend of gaining on average 0.37 ± 6.03 kg.

Regular care may not be effective for weight management compared to structured programs.

Subjects with the highest scores on the 'high-protein and high-carbohydrate' dietary patterns had higher odds of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than those with the lowest scores (OR: 2.89, 95% CI: 2.11–3.96).

Practitioners should consider advising patients with T2D to be cautious about high-protein and high-carbohydrate dietary patterns due to their association with increased CVD risk.

The dietary pattern of PCA-prudent was not significantly related to the odds of having CVD in T2D patients (adjusted OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.70–1.24).

This suggests that not all dietary patterns are equally associated with CVD risk, and practitioners should evaluate dietary recommendations accordingly.

Cost sharing does not contribute to better participation or weight loss relative to total subsidy.

Cost sharing may not be effective for improving long-term outcomes in weight-loss programs.

Resistance training tempo has minimal overall effect on muscle hypertrophy.

Practitioners may consider that varying resistance training tempo may not significantly impact muscle growth.

The evidence supporting the three scientific models of obesity that blame dietary macronutrients is mixed and sometimes false.

Practitioners should be cautious about attributing obesity to specific macronutrients without considering the mixed evidence.

The chapter reviews concepts of energy balance and macronutrient balance as applied to the human body.

Practitioners should incorporate energy and macronutrient balance concepts into their approaches to nutrition.

Short-term time-restricted feeding (TRF) does not significantly change supramaximal exercise performance.

Short-term TRF may not be beneficial for immediate performance improvements.