Browse the evidence

Pharmacological treatments, particularly GLP-1 agonists, have shown promising results but are limited by lack of cost coverage.

Practitioners should be aware of the potential benefits of GLP-1 agonists while considering the financial implications for patients.

Tirzepatide has a favorable safety profile but requires further investigation.

Practitioners should consider tirzepatide as a treatment option while monitoring for adverse reactions.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring strengthens the association between blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes.

Utilizing ambulatory BP monitoring may improve cardiovascular risk assessment in patients treated with GLP-1RA.

Amylin receptor activators may have an adverse effect profile more favorable than that of GLP-1 receptor activators.

Amylin receptor activators may be a safer alternative to GLP-1 receptor activators for patients.

An exploratory every-8-weeks regimen showed attenuated efficacy compared to once-monthly dosing.

Practitioners should consider monthly dosing as more effective than less frequent regimens.

Gut-derived hormones, the central nervous system, and pancreatic function interact to maintain energy homeostasis.

Understanding the interplay of these systems can inform strategies for addressing metabolic disorders.

Adverse events were more frequent in the semaglutide group, including gastrointestinal intolerance and infections.

Clinicians should be aware of the higher incidence of adverse events with semaglutide.

The benefits of GLP-1R agonists may be enhanced by stimulating other receptors.

Combining GLP-1R agonists with other receptor agonists may enhance therapeutic outcomes.

Maximal and sustained benefit of GLP-1 receptor agonists may be compromised by poor compliance and cessation of use.

Practitioners should address compliance issues when prescribing GLP-1 receptor agonists.

GLP-1 RA users had higher rates of cardiovascular complications (RR = 1.426, p = 0.038).

Practitioners should monitor cardiovascular health in patients using GLP-1 RAs.

The Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agent decreased gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events incidence by 35% and severity by 42% in simulations.

Implementing a DRL agent for dosing may significantly reduce GI side effects in patients.

Medication adherence increased from 52.8% to 84%.

Encouraging medication adherence can significantly improve patient outcomes.

In women, an ILI-associated decrease in estradiol of 14% from baseline to year 1 mediated a decline in whole-body BMD of -1.15 mg/cm2.

Practitioners should consider the hormonal changes in postmenopausal women when implementing weight loss interventions.

In men, an ILI-associated increase of 11% in total testosterone mediated a decline of hip BMD of -1.18 mg/cm2.

Practitioners should consider the hormonal changes in older men when implementing weight loss interventions.

ILI-associated changes in estradiol and total testosterone resulted in whole-body and hip bone loss.

Weight loss interventions may lead to hormonal changes that affect bone health in older adults.

Bioactive compounds influence appetite through multiple pathways.

Practitioners should consider the role of bioactive compounds in appetite regulation.

The melanocortin system is regulated by long-term and short-term regulatory hormones and nutrients.

Understanding the regulation of the melanocortin system can aid in appetite management strategies.

Greater total testosterone levels were associated with better verbal fluency in men.

Practitioners may consider that higher testosterone levels could enhance verbal fluency in men with T2DM.

Long-term metformin (850 mg twice daily) and intensive lifestyle interventions do not reduce major cardiovascular events in individuals with prediabetes, despite significantly delaying or preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes.

Taking metformin or following a strict lifestyle program to prevent diabetes does not guarantee protection against heart attacks or strokes, even if you successfully avoid developing diabetes. In this long-term study, these interventions prevented diabetes but did not lower cardiovascular event rates compared to placebo, likely because other risk factors (blood pressure, cholesterol) were managed by standard care. Focus on comprehensive risk management, not just glucose control.

Statin therapy causes a moderate, dose-dependent increase in the diagnosis of new-onset diabetes and worsening glycaemia, with high-intensity regimens producing a 36% relative increase compared to a 10% increase for low/moderate-intensity regimens.

If you are taking statins, be aware that they can slightly raise your blood sugar, especially at higher doses. This increases your risk of being diagnosed with diabetes, particularly if your blood sugar was already near the threshold. However, the heart protection benefits of statins far outweigh this small risk. Regular monitoring of your blood sugar is recommended.

The absolute excess risk of new-onset diabetes from statins is highest in individuals whose baseline glycaemic markers are already close to the diagnostic threshold for diabetes.

If you have pre-diabetes or high-normal blood sugar, your risk of developing diabetes while on statins is higher than someone with normal blood sugar. This does not mean you should stop the statin, but it does mean you should monitor your blood sugar more closely and focus on lifestyle changes to keep your blood sugar in check.

Visceral feedback from the gut activates GCG neurons in the cNTS to promote long-lasting satiety (tens of minutes) that tracks cumulative food intake.

The physical presence of food in your stomach and intestines activates GCG neurons, which promote a feeling of fullness that lasts for tens of minutes. This visceral feedback tracks how much you have eaten, contributing to long-lasting satiety after a meal.

Rare deleterious variants in six specific effector genes (MC4R, PCSK1, POMC, CALCR, BSN, and CORO1A) are significantly associated with BMI at the population level, with CORO1A being a newly identified genetic risk factor for obesity.

Genetic testing can identify individuals with rare variants in genes like CORO1A, MC4R, or PCSK1 who are at higher risk for severe obesity. Knowing this early can guide personalized prevention strategies, such as early lifestyle interventions or targeted pharmacological therapies, before significant weight gain occurs.

Race and geographic region significantly modify the risk of new-onset diabetes in people with HIV, with higher rates observed in South Asia and among Black or African American individuals in high-income regions.

If you are from South Asia or are Black/African American, you may have a higher baseline risk for diabetes. Work with your healthcare provider to monitor your blood sugar and weight closely, as these risks can be managed with lifestyle changes.