Browse the evidence

Older women show exaggerated hormonal and metabolite responses and a delayed return to premeal values following consumption of large meals (2092 and 4184 kJ).

Practitioners should consider that older women may have impaired glucose and hormonal responses to larger meals, which could affect dietary recommendations.

There is no significant difference in hormonal and metabolite responses between young and older women after fasting and consumption of a small meal (1046 kJ).

For small meals, age may not significantly affect hormonal responses, suggesting similar dietary strategies could be applied.

Exercise session resulted in an acute increase in PYY(3-36) (p < .01) without changes in leptin and/or hunger scores.

Aerobic exercise may enhance satiety hormone levels in obese teenage girls.

Exercise performed at VT intensity appears to provoke a state of transient anorexia in obese girls.

Aerobic exercise may temporarily reduce appetite in obese teenage girls.

Mexican Pima Indians have lower fasting insulin levels compared to U.S. Pima Indians, with a mean of 6.22 μU/ml vs. 13.56 μU/ml.

Practitioners should consider lifestyle factors when addressing insulin resistance in populations at risk for diabetes.

Mexican Pima Indians have lower HOMA-IR compared to U.S. Pima Indians, with a mean of 1.40 vs. 3.07.

Practitioners should recognize the significant differences in insulin resistance metrics between these populations.

GIP accounts for 60% to 80% of the postprandial insulin response.

Understanding GIP's role can help in managing postprandial insulin levels.

GIP is overexpressed in obese individuals, which may exacerbate insulin resistance.

Addressing GIP levels may be important in treating obesity-related insulin resistance.

Baseline HbA1c levels were associated with reduced odds of type 2 diabetes remission after bariatric surgery (pooled difference in means = -1.05, 95% CI = -1.48 to -0.62, p < .001).

Practitioners should monitor HbA1c levels as they may indicate lower chances of remission post-surgery.

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were associated with reduced odds of type 2 diabetes remission after bariatric surgery (pooled standardized mean difference = -0.42, 95% CI: -0.64 to -0.20, p < .004).

Practitioners should consider FPG levels as a factor that may negatively impact remission rates post-surgery.

The safety profile of tirzepatide was broadly similar across BMI and age subgroups, but drug discontinuation due to adverse events was higher in participants aged ≥ 65 years.

While generally safe, practitioners should monitor older patients closely when prescribing tirzepatide.

Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone, while GLP-1, GIP, CCK, PYY, and OXM are anorexigenic hormones.

Understanding the roles of these hormones can help in developing targeted interventions for appetite regulation.

Use of second generation oral contraceptives (OC) did not significantly improve muscle adaptations to 10 weeks of resistance training compared with nonusers.

Practitioners should note that second generation OCs do not enhance resistance training adaptations in untrained young women.

Antidiabetic medications can reduce the risk and improve outcomes of cardiovascular diseases.

Consider the cardiovascular benefits when prescribing antidiabetic medications.

New approaches in GLP-1RAs development include multi-agonists and combination therapies.

Practitioners should explore the potential benefits of multi-agonist and combination therapy strategies in GLP-1RA treatments.

Novel GLP-1-based therapeutics are rapidly advancing and may reshape the future landscape of obesity and type 2 diabetes treatment.

Practitioners should consider the potential of these novel agents in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Triple agonists such as retatrutide target GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors to amplify metabolic effects.

Consider the potential of triple agonists in enhancing metabolic outcomes for patients.

Meta-regression suggested no significant correlation between BP reduction and baseline characteristics such as age, gender, HbA1c, weight, BMI, and percentage of patients with hypertension.

GLP-1 receptor agonists may be effective for BP management regardless of certain baseline characteristics.

Tirzepatide, a GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonist, was approved by the FDA for the treatment of T2DM and provides superior HbA1c reductions.

Healthcare providers can utilize tirzepatide as a more effective treatment option for T2DM.

A semisupervised high-intensity interval training (HIT) intervention did not increase menstrual frequency in women with PCOS after 12 months.

Practitioners should note that HIT may not improve menstrual frequency in women with PCOS.

Lesser known factors such as cerebral blood flow, food cue reactivity, gut hormone levels, and dietary adherence possibly impact variability of response to liraglutide.

Healthcare providers should consider these lesser-known factors when evaluating patient responses to liraglutide.

24% of patients with diabetes and delayed gastric emptying were on a GLP-1 receptor agonist.

Practitioners should be aware that a notable percentage of diabetic patients with delayed gastric emptying are using GLP-1R agonists.

GLP-1 receptor agonists use was associated with delayed gastric emptying in patients with diabetes for less than 10 years.

Clinicians should consider the duration of diabetes when prescribing GLP-1R agonists.

Naltrexone/bupropion increased proglucagon levels and decreased GLP-2, glucagon, and the major proglucagon fragment.

Naltrexone/bupropion may be beneficial for altering specific hormone levels related to metabolism.