Browse the evidence

Sleep restriction reduced fat oxidation during high-dose insulin infusion in postmenopausal women.

Practitioners should be aware that sleep restriction may impair fat oxidation in this population.

There is no strong evidence that there is an optimal ratio of macronutrients for improving glycaemic control or reducing cardiovascular risk.

Practitioners should be cautious in recommending specific macronutrient ratios for diabetes management.

GB participants used fewer glucose-lowering medications at 10 years, but HbA1c, fasting glucose, calculated cardiovascular risk, quality-of-life, and incident diabetes complications did not differ significantly between the groups.

While GB surgery may reduce the need for glucose-lowering medications, it does not significantly improve other health metrics.

Obesity accompanies an increasing burden of metabolic disease among people living with HIV (PWH).

Healthcare providers should be aware of the increased risk of metabolic diseases in PWH with obesity.

Testosterone replacement therapy significantly improved insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR from 4.6 ± 1.7 to 0.5 ± 0.2 (P < 0.001).

Testosterone replacement therapy may be effective in improving insulin sensitivity in hypogonadal patients.

The blood lactate response was not different among the 3 rest interval conditions investigated.

Rest intervals do not significantly affect blood lactate levels, allowing flexibility in training protocols.

Patients with higher baseline HbA1C had 9% reduced odds (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85–0.97) of experiencing weight loss.

Practitioners should monitor HbA1C levels as they may impact weight loss efforts in T2D patients.

Newer antiretroviral agents have been consistently associated with excessive weight gain.

Clinicians should consider the weight gain potential of newer ART agents when prescribing.

Combination therapy of metabolic boosters and established anti-obesity compounds is a promising future approach.

Practitioners should explore combination therapies as a potential strategy for obesity treatment.

Biagonists or triagonists stimulating glucagon have a more potent effect to increase thermogenesis in adipose tissue.

These drugs may be particularly effective for enhancing energy expenditure.

The goal-achievement rate for glycaemic control decreased from 54.8% after 1 year of treatment to 19.4% 5 years later.

Practitioners should be aware that long-term glycaemic control may significantly decline.

The coefficient of failure (CoF) for glycaemic control was 0.123 ± 0.022%/year overall, with variations based on weight change.

Understanding the CoF can help in assessing long-term treatment effectiveness.

There were no statistically significant differences in metabolic adaptations for 24 h, sleep, or resting expenditures.

This suggests that exercise may not lead to significant changes in metabolic rates during rest or sleep.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with nutritional and metabolic derangements that are often neglected in clinical assessments.

Healthcare professionals should prioritize nutritional assessments in diabetes management.

Tirzepatide affected metabolic parameters including body weight, adipose tissue mass, hepatic triglycerides, and circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Tirzepatide may have beneficial effects on metabolic health in addition to its impact on alcohol consumption.

The balance between adipose tissue reduction and lean mass preservation with GLP-1RAs remains incompletely understood in clinical settings.

Further research is needed to clarify the effects of GLP-1RAs on body composition in clinical practice.

Semaglutide users had higher rates of pneumonia (2.97 % vs 0.85 %, p < 0.05) compared to non-users.

Clinicians should be aware of the increased risk of pneumonia in patients using semaglutide.

Patients with longer semaglutide use had a higher incidence of urinary tract infection (4.03 % vs 1.27 %, p < 0.05) and acute kidney injury (3.18 % vs 0.85 %, p < 0.05).

Healthcare providers should monitor for urinary tract infections and kidney injury in patients on long-term semaglutide.

The need for additional lumbar fusion was associated with both semaglutide use (17.0 % vs. 6.4 %, p < 0.0001) and duration (28.3 % vs. 4.8 %, p < 0.0001).

Surgeons should consider the potential for increased surgical interventions in patients using semaglutide.

Sitagliptin elicited modest glycemic improvements without substantial alterations in lipid composition.

Sitagliptin may be less effective than semaglutide for lipid management in T2DM patients.

Novel pharmacological and surgical treatment strategies for obesity and hypertension can play a role in the prevention and treatment of heart failure.

Practitioners should integrate treatment strategies for obesity and hypertension to improve heart failure outcomes.

Metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery may fatigue over time.

Clinicians should monitor patients post-surgery for diminishing metabolic benefits.

Canagliflozin has shown benefits in reducing progression of renal disease and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Canagliflozin may be a beneficial treatment option for managing renal and heart health in diabetic patients.

Metabolic adaptation in energy expenditure (adaptive thermogenesis) was unrelated to the energy cost of weight and fat mass gains.

Weight gain responses may not be influenced by changes in metabolic rate during overfeeding.