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Resting metabolic rate (RMR) declined similarly in both exercising and nonexercising groups.

Both exercising and nonexercising individuals may experience similar declines in metabolic rate during caloric restriction.

There is limited capacity for fatty acid oxidation during exercise despite the abundance of endogenous triglycerides.

Practitioners should be aware of the limitations in fat oxidation during exercise.

Newer antiretroviral agents have been consistently associated with excessive weight gain.

Clinicians should consider the weight gain potential of newer ART agents when prescribing.

Combination therapy of metabolic boosters and established anti-obesity compounds is a promising future approach.

Practitioners should explore combination therapies as a potential strategy for obesity treatment.

Reduction of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by 7.7% in the intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) group was not correlated with improvements in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors after adjusting for weight loss.

Practitioners should note that reducing VAT alone may not lead to improved CVD risk factors without weight loss.

Changes in HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were correlated with VAT reduction (R=-0.37; p=0.03) but not after adjusting for weight loss.

While VAT reduction may initially correlate with HDL-C increase, weight loss is a more significant factor for improving HDL-C levels.

The benefit of maintained fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors might be blunted by baseline insulin resistance.

Practitioners should consider baseline insulin resistance when evaluating fitness benefits.

Weak and clinically insignificant associations were found between increased carbohydrates and reduction in HbA1c in men.

Increased carbohydrate intake may not significantly impact HbA1c levels in men with type 2 diabetes.

Biagonists or triagonists stimulating glucagon have a more potent effect to increase thermogenesis in adipose tissue.

These drugs may be particularly effective for enhancing energy expenditure.

The goal-achievement rate for glycaemic control decreased from 54.8% after 1 year of treatment to 19.4% 5 years later.

Practitioners should be aware that long-term glycaemic control may significantly decline.

The coefficient of failure (CoF) for glycaemic control was 0.123 ± 0.022%/year overall, with variations based on weight change.

Understanding the CoF can help in assessing long-term treatment effectiveness.

There were no statistically significant differences in metabolic adaptations for 24 h, sleep, or resting expenditures.

This suggests that exercise may not lead to significant changes in metabolic rates during rest or sleep.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with nutritional and metabolic derangements that are often neglected in clinical assessments.

Healthcare professionals should prioritize nutritional assessments in diabetes management.

Ingestion of CHO did not result in a significant reduction in mixed muscle glycogen utilization compared to W.

Carbohydrate ingestion does not spare muscle glycogen during endurance exercise, which may influence fueling strategies.

Tirzepatide affected metabolic parameters including body weight, adipose tissue mass, hepatic triglycerides, and circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Tirzepatide may have beneficial effects on metabolic health in addition to its impact on alcohol consumption.

The balance between adipose tissue reduction and lean mass preservation with GLP-1RAs remains incompletely understood in clinical settings.

Further research is needed to clarify the effects of GLP-1RAs on body composition in clinical practice.

Semaglutide users had higher rates of pneumonia (2.97 % vs 0.85 %, p < 0.05) compared to non-users.

Clinicians should be aware of the increased risk of pneumonia in patients using semaglutide.

Patients with longer semaglutide use had a higher incidence of urinary tract infection (4.03 % vs 1.27 %, p < 0.05) and acute kidney injury (3.18 % vs 0.85 %, p < 0.05).

Healthcare providers should monitor for urinary tract infections and kidney injury in patients on long-term semaglutide.

The need for additional lumbar fusion was associated with both semaglutide use (17.0 % vs. 6.4 %, p < 0.0001) and duration (28.3 % vs. 4.8 %, p < 0.0001).

Surgeons should consider the potential for increased surgical interventions in patients using semaglutide.

Sitagliptin elicited modest glycemic improvements without substantial alterations in lipid composition.

Sitagliptin may be less effective than semaglutide for lipid management in T2DM patients.

Novel pharmacological and surgical treatment strategies for obesity and hypertension can play a role in the prevention and treatment of heart failure.

Practitioners should integrate treatment strategies for obesity and hypertension to improve heart failure outcomes.

Metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery may fatigue over time.

Clinicians should monitor patients post-surgery for diminishing metabolic benefits.

Canagliflozin has shown benefits in reducing progression of renal disease and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Canagliflozin may be a beneficial treatment option for managing renal and heart health in diabetic patients.

Twenty-four-hour carbohydrate oxidation was elevated on the REX day, while 24-hour fat and protein oxidation were not different.

Resistance exercise increases carbohydrate oxidation without affecting fat or protein oxidation.