Browse the evidence

68% of respondents who took protein supplements were males and 32% were females.

Understanding the gender distribution can help tailor marketing and educational efforts regarding protein supplements.

23.9% of subjects in this study were overweight.

Understanding the prevalence of overweight among university students can inform health interventions.

93% of the respondents in the study were female.

Programs may need to consider the high proportion of female participants in their design and outreach.

There is no relationship between protein intake and nutritional status.

Protein intake may not be a critical factor in assessing nutritional status in this population.

The prevalence of stroke in sub-Saharan Africa ranges from 0.07 to 0.3%.

Health practitioners should be aware of the varying prevalence of stroke in different regions of sub-Saharan Africa.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus Type 2 in sub-Saharan Africa ranges from 0 to 16%.

Health practitioners should consider the significant variability in diabetes prevalence across sub-Saharan Africa.

The prevalence of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa ranges from 6 to 48%.

Health practitioners should be aware of the high variability in hypertension prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa.

The prevalence of diabetes was 16% in rural, 26% in sub-urban, and 23% in urban populations.

Healthcare providers should be aware of varying diabetes prevalence in different community settings.

No traditional risk factor was identified to be associated with the prevalence of diabetes and atherosclerosis in the rural population.

Further research is needed to identify non-traditional risk factors in rural communities.

Inhibiting miR-30e-5p using antagomirs reduces atherosclerosis in obese mouse models by restoring SLC7A11 expression and improving endothelial mitochondrial function.

While not yet a human treatment, this finding suggests that future therapies could target the specific signals fat cells send to blood vessels. For now, maintaining a healthy weight remains the most effective way to prevent these damaging signals from accumulating.

Sustained activation of pancreatic Y1 receptors improves beta-cell turnover, preserves beta-cell identity, and enhances insulin secretory responsiveness in rodent models of diabetes.

Sustained Y1 receptor activation improves beta-cell function in rodents, suggesting potential anti-diabetic benefits.

Acute exposure to high molecular weight advanced glycation end products (HMW-AGEs) impairs endothelium-dependent aortic relaxation.

Consuming foods high in advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can acutely harm blood vessel function. Avoiding highly processed, high-heat cooked foods may help maintain vascular health.

Jatobá-do-cerrado polyphenol extracts reduce glucose uptake and downregulate the gene expression of glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 in Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Lab studies show that jatobá polyphenols can reduce how intestinal cells absorb glucose and lower the expression of key glucose transporters. This suggests a potential mechanism for blood sugar control, but human studies are needed to confirm this effect.

Endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR) does not resolve NASH or improve liver histology in patients with biopsy-proven NASH when performed without concurrent lifestyle interventions or significant weight loss.

If you have NASH, a duodenal resurfacing procedure alone is not enough to cure it. This study showed that without significant weight loss and lifestyle changes, the procedure did not improve liver health or resolve the disease. Focus on sustainable weight loss and metabolic health, as procedural interventions are not a substitute for lifestyle management in this context.

High intake of omega-3 fatty acids from fish is positively associated with an increased risk of coronary death in middle-aged male smokers, contradicting the common hypothesis that fish consumption is protective.

For middle-aged male smokers in Finland, high intake of omega-3 fatty acids from fish was associated with an increased risk of coronary death, contrary to general advice. This may be due to high mercury levels in local freshwater fish. Smokers should be aware that the source of fish (seawater vs. freshwater) and potential mercury exposure might negate the perceived benefits of omega-3s.

Intergenerational transmission of risk via microbiome, epigenetics, and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) contributes to the obesity epidemic by increasing susceptibility to weight gain in offspring of obese parents, independent of current energy intake.

If you have a family history of obesity, focus on a healthy diet and lifestyle for yourself and your children. This can help mitigate the biological risks transmitted through the microbiome and epigenetics.

Inadvertent exposure to GLP-1 receptor agonists during pregnancy does not appear to pose a significant teratogenic risk, with congenital abnormality rates in exposed pregnancies being lower than or comparable to placebo groups.

If you took a GLP-1 medication (like Ozempic or Wegovy) before knowing you were pregnant, current data from clinical trials does not show an increased risk of birth defects compared to women who did not take these medications. You should stop the medication as soon as you know you are pregnant and consult your doctor for standard prenatal care.

GLP-1 agonists are likely unaffordable for universal healthcare systems due to high prevalence of OSA and high drug costs, potentially exacerbating healthcare inequities.

Be aware that GLP-1 agonists are expensive and may not be covered by public health insurance for OSA, creating a barrier to access for lower-income patients.

Bariatric surgery, specifically Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), improves metabolic health partly by activating the endocannabinoid system (CB-1) to increase sympathetic nerve activity and promote white adipose tissue browning.

If you are considering bariatric surgery, understand that it works by changing how your body signals hunger and burns energy, not just by restricting food intake. Discuss all options with your healthcare provider.

In vitro treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) inhibits myotube formation and overrides the stimulatory effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on myoblast differentiation.

If you are taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and considering high-dose fish oil supplements, be aware that they might not work together to build muscle as expected. This lab study suggests that high levels of EPA can actually block the muscle-building benefits of estrogen. Consult your doctor before combining these, especially if muscle maintenance is a primary goal.

There is insufficient evidence to support a causal relationship between GLP-1 receptor agonists and the risk of other common mental illnesses, including ADHD, Anorexia Nervosa, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and PTSD.

Based on this genetic study, GLP-1 drugs do not appear to reduce the risk of ADHD, Anorexia, Autism, or PTSD. Patients with these conditions should not rely on GLP-1 medications as a treatment for their mental health symptoms. Further research is needed to confirm these negative findings.

Current clinical practice for prescribing semaglutide for weight loss lacks comprehensive pretreatment screening for thyroid, pancreatic, and retinal risks, exposing patients to severe adverse outcomes.

If you are starting semaglutide for weight loss, ensure your doctor checks your calcitonin, pancreatic enzymes (lipase/amylase), and family history of thyroid cancer before starting. Standard blood tests are not enough to rule out serious risks associated with this medication.

Biomechanically calculated repair (BCR) using GRIP/CRIP concepts significantly reduces hernia recurrence rates compared to conventional repair techniques.

For complex hernias, ask if your surgeon uses biomechanical planning (GRIP/CRIP). This method tests how your abdominal wall handles daily stress before surgery, leading to a repair that is much less likely to fail (recurrence) compared to standard techniques. It may require a specialized center, but the long-term success rate is significantly higher.

Botulinum toxin A (BTA) injections and Progressive Preoperative Pneumoperitoneum (PPP) are effective mechanical optimization strategies for loss-of-domain hernias, reducing fascial tension and enabling primary closure.

If you have a very large hernia where the organs have slipped out of the abdominal cavity for a long time, standard surgery might be too risky. Your surgeon might recommend Botox injections to relax your abdominal muscles or a process called PPP (pumping air into your abdomen) to stretch your muscles before surgery. This makes it possible to close the hernia without major cutting, reducing recovery time and complications.