Browse the evidence

Whey and soy proteins can be part of a resistance training regimen, but findings should be interpreted with caution due to small sample size.

Practitioners should consider the potential benefits of protein supplementation while being aware of the limitations of the current evidence.

Nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) increased from PRE (60 ± 14 ms) to END (69 ± 19 ms) and was strongly associated with the change in fat mass (r= 0.90, p<0.01).

Practitioners may consider monitoring HRV as an indicator of stress adaptation during weight loss in athletes.

Energy availability decreased from 38 ± 3 kcal/kg/FFM to 18 ± 4 kcal/kg/FFM while energy expenditure increased from 24 ± 4 to 44 ± 15 met/h/week from PRE to END.

Practitioners should be aware of the significant changes in energy availability and expenditure during competition preparation.

There was no significant clinical aggravation of renal biomarkers in the studies reviewed.

Clinicians can be reassured that protein supplementation does not adversely affect renal biomarkers in this population.

The existing data on protein supplementation and kidney function is weakened by brief study periods and traditional biomarkers.

Future research should focus on longer study durations and advanced renal markers for better safety profiles.

Dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviors (DEAB) are more concerning in the athletic population than in the general population.

Practitioners should be aware that athletes may exhibit higher levels of dysfunctional eating behaviors compared to non-athletes.

There is a need for assessment tools specifically adapted to the context of athletes to improve screening accuracy for DEAB.

Developing and validating tailored assessment tools can enhance the identification of DEAB in athletes.

Multiple factors moderate strength improvements from resistance training frequency.

Practitioners should consider individual and program-specific factors when designing resistance training programs for strength gains.

Both protein and placebo groups showed improvements in most cardiorespiratory fitness-related and physical performance measures.

Both protein and carbohydrate supplementation can lead to improvements in physical performance for stroke patients undergoing aerobic training.

Most metabolite shifts occurred during the dietary intervention phase, with minimal additional changes after resistance training.

Emphasizing dietary changes may yield more immediate metabolic benefits than resistance training alone.

A high-protein diet, alone or combined with resistance training, induces modest but measurable metabolic shifts without disrupting global metabolic homeostasis.

Older adults can safely increase protein intake without adverse metabolic effects, especially when combined with exercise.

Overemphasis on protein supplementation could detract from achieving energy balance through mixed-macronutrient sources.

Practitioners should ensure a balanced intake of macronutrients rather than focusing solely on protein.

The mean daily energy intake (EI) during the training camp was 1.3 times higher than the predicted total daily energy expenditure, resulting in an energy surplus of approximately 500 kcal·d-1.

Athletes may need to monitor their energy intake to avoid excessive surplus during training.

Daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake during exercise was significantly below the moderate recommendation of 30 g·h-1, averaging approximately 11.5 g·h-1.

Athletes should ensure adequate carbohydrate intake during exercise to meet performance recommendations.

LAB-FWP supplementation resulted in significant increases in dietary vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium intake (all P < .001).

Practitioners should note the potential of LAB-FWP to enhance nutritional intake in older adults.

Exercise training may improve adipose tissue function, contributing to a reduced risk for developing obesity-related insulin resistance and other comorbidities.

Incorporating exercise training may help improve fat metabolism and reduce insulin resistance in obese individuals.

79.7% of participants achieved 50–75% correct answers in the Nutrition Knowledge section.

This indicates a baseline level of nutrition knowledge among patients, which may inform counseling approaches.

Metformin is considered the universal first-line medication for type 2 diabetes due to its low cost, effectiveness, and potential for weight loss.

Metformin should be prioritized in treatment plans for type 2 diabetes.

Gastric bypass surgery has a dramatic effect on diabetes, with 67% of patients with diabetes treatment before surgery being without diabetes treatment 2 years after surgery.

Gastric bypass can significantly improve diabetes management in patients.

Obesity poses a major threat to health in the United States and throughout the world.

Health practitioners should prioritize obesity management in their practices.

The global prevalence of obesity is increasing and is closely related to life-shortening chronic illnesses.

Public health initiatives should focus on obesity prevention to reduce chronic disease risk.

Therapies such as thiazolidinedione, insulin secretagogue, and insulin are less suitable for individuals with obesity and T2D as they are associated with weight gain.

Clinicians should avoid prescribing therapies that promote weight gain in obese T2D patients.

Incorporating MRs into a weight loss intervention leads to reductions in LDL cholesterol by -0.18 mmol/L.

Meal replacements may improve lipid profiles in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

An unhealthy lifestyle increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes more significantly in women than in men.

Healthcare providers should emphasize lifestyle changes, particularly for women, to reduce diabetes risk.