Browse the evidence

The discussion of ultra-processed foods in lay media and academic articles often overlooks historical advocacy and clinical work.

Practitioners should be aware of the historical context to better address misconceptions in current discussions.

MitoQ supplementation did not impact mitochondrial respiration or H2O2 emission in the presence of ADP.

MitoQ does not enhance mitochondrial function during exercise in older adults.

MitoQ supplementation did not alter acute exercise-induced redox responses in skeletal muscle.

MitoQ does not affect redox signaling during acute exercise in older adults.

HbA1C levels increase alongside the duration of illness in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Practitioners should monitor HbA1C levels to assess disease progression in diabetic patients.

No significant associations with cognitive function were found for physical activity or adiposity.

Physical activity and adiposity may not be effective targets for improving cognitive function in this population.

Individuals in the younger onset T2D subgroup have the lowest risk for peripheral neuropathy.

Younger individuals with T2D may require different monitoring for PN risk.

The impact of intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) on peripheral neuropathy risk does not differ by T2D subgroups.

ILI may not be effective in reducing PN risk across different T2D subgroups.

Fasting is defined as voluntary abstinence from some or all foods or beverages for preventive, therapeutic, religious, cultural, or other reasons, distinguishing it from starvation which is involuntary and pathological.

To fast, you voluntarily abstain from food and/or beverages for a specific period. This is distinct from starvation, which is involuntary and harmful. Your motivation (health, religion, culture) defines the context, but the core action is voluntary abstinence.

Short-Term Fasting (STF) is defined as fasting regimens with a duration of 2–3 days, while Prolonged Fasting (PF) refers to regimens lasting 4 or more consecutive days.

If you fast for 2-3 days, it is Short-Term Fasting (STF). If you fast for 4 or more consecutive days, it is Prolonged Fasting (PF). Choose based on your experience and goals.

Orosensory signals (taste and oral contact) activate PRLH neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) to inhibit feeding on a seconds-timescale, thereby controlling the duration of feeding bursts.

Eating slowly and paying attention to the taste and texture of food engages specific brain circuits (PRLH neurons) that signal satiety within seconds. This neural feedback loop helps you stop eating sooner by reducing the size of each bite or 'bout' of eating, rather than waiting for your stomach to feel full.

Human hypothalamic melanocortin neurons (POMC and AgRP) exhibit significant transcriptomic and receptor-expression differences compared to mice, including species-specific GPCR profiles that directly impact the mechanism and efficacy of current obesity therapies.

Current obesity treatments like semaglutide and tirzepatide target the hypothalamus, but their exact molecular mechanisms in humans may differ from what we learned from mouse studies. This map reveals that human POMC neurons express different receptors (like CALCR) than mouse POMC neurons. This means drug developers must account for these human-specific differences to improve efficacy and reduce side effects, rather than relying solely on rodent data.

Absolute variance statistics (SDir, lnVR) are insufficient for detecting true interindividual response variation because they are confounded by mean-variance relationships (where higher means lead to higher variances); the Log Ratio of Coefficient of Variation (lnCVR) is required to isolate true response heterogeneity.

When evaluating resistance training results, do not assume that a wider range of outcomes (some people growing a lot, some a little) is solely due to individual 'trainability.' It may simply be that those who grew more had higher starting strengths, which naturally scale with greater variance. To truly understand why some people don't respond, you must look at relative variation (coefficient of variation) rather than absolute changes. For the individual, this means that 'average' program prescriptions will inevitably fail some people, not because the program is bad, but because biological scaling laws dictate that larger gains come with larger variance.

SGLT-2 inhibitors provide cardiovascular and renal protective benefits independent of their glucose-lowering effects, including reduced risk of heart failure hospitalization and worsening renal function.

SGLT-2 inhibitors (like Jardiance or Farxiga) are not just for blood sugar. They are now a standard treatment for heart failure and kidney disease, even in people without diabetes. They significantly reduce the risk of being hospitalized for heart failure and slow down kidney damage. If you have heart or kidney issues, ask your doctor if this class of medication is appropriate for you.

2'-FL supplementation does NOT significantly alter the Cytokine Response Score (CRS), a marker of immune aging, in older adults, despite increasing Bifidobacterium.

Taking 2'-FL (1g or 5g daily) for 6 weeks did not improve the Cytokine Response Score, a marker of immune aging, in older adults. However, it did increase Bifidobacterium and HDL cholesterol. Users should not expect this to reverse immune aging markers based on this study.

SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduce heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular death in patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) and Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF), regardless of diabetes status.

If you have Heart Failure (whether your heart pumps strongly or weakly), SGLT2 inhibitors (Dapagliflozin or Empagliflozin) are a cornerstone treatment that reduces hospitalizations and death, even if you do not have Diabetes. Ask your cardiologist about these medications.

Secure multi-party computation (MPC) enables the linkage of patient data across different hospitals for research purposes without violating privacy regulations, allowing for accurate assessment of hospital transfer rates.

This paper is primarily for researchers and healthcare administrators. It demonstrates that advanced privacy-preserving technology (MPC) can be used to link patient data across hospitals, enabling more accurate research on patient outcomes and behaviors, such as hospital transfers.

The American Heart Association's 2024 Statistical Update mandates the use of respectful, specific language for race and ethnicity (e.g., 'Black adults') rather than collective nouns (e.g., 'Blacks') to address health equity and structural racism.

When citing or writing about AHA data, use specific adjectives for race and ethnicity (e.g., 'Black adults') instead of collective nouns (e.g., 'Blacks'). This aligns with current scientific standards for equity and precision.

Tanycytic release of VEGF-A is the mechanistic mediator that allows hypoglycemia to increase GLP-1 receptor agonist entry into the brain.

This is a basic science finding. It suggests that the health of specialized brain cells (tanycytes) and their production of VEGF are critical for GLP-1 drugs to work centrally.

Bariatric surgery is the most effective long-term treatment for severe obesity, significantly reducing risks of CVD, type 2 diabetes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet access is inequitable due to socioeconomic and structural barriers.

If you have severe obesity and comorbidities, bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for long-term health. Seek out high-volume centers and ensure your insurance covers the procedure and follow-up care.

There is a significant disconnect between mechanistic research (e.g., mTOR signaling) and applied intervention studies, leading to a lack of systematic translation of basic science into concrete intervention strategies.

Current research often fails to bridge the gap between molecular science and practical advice. For now, focus on the proven basics: consistent resistance training and adequate protein intake, rather than trying to optimize based on complex molecular mechanisms that haven't been fully translated into practical protocols.

SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), regardless of diabetes status.

If you have heart failure, especially with reduced ejection fraction, ask your doctor about SGLT2 inhibitors like empagliflozin or dapagliflozin. These drugs help your heart pump better and reduce hospitalizations, even if you don't have diabetes.

Interventions that delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in overweight/obese subjects with dysglycemia do not reduce the subsequent development or prevalence of diabetic retinopathy for up to 20 years.

If you have prediabetes or are at risk for type 2 diabetes, preventing or delaying the onset of diabetes through lifestyle changes or medication (like metformin) does not guarantee that you will avoid eye damage (retinopathy). Retinopathy can start during the prediabetic stage. Therefore, regular eye exams are crucial for people with prediabetes, regardless of whether they successfully prevent diabetes.

Insulin-lowering diets have not yet been conclusively demonstrated to improve cancer-specific endpoints such as tumor response, disease-specific survival, or overall survival in clinical settings.

Do not rely on insulin-lowering diets as a cure or primary treatment for metastatic cancer. While they improve metabolic health and are safe, they have not been proven to extend life or shrink tumors in humans. Use them only as an adjunct to standard care under medical supervision.

Particulate matter air pollution is the leading contributor to global disease burden, accounting for 8.0% of total DALYs in 2021.

Air pollution is the leading risk factor for global disease burden. Reducing exposure is crucial for long-term health.