Browse the evidence

SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduce heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular death in patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) and Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF), regardless of diabetes status.

If you have Heart Failure (whether your heart pumps strongly or weakly), SGLT2 inhibitors (Dapagliflozin or Empagliflozin) are a cornerstone treatment that reduces hospitalizations and death, even if you do not have Diabetes. Ask your cardiologist about these medications.

Secure multi-party computation (MPC) enables the linkage of patient data across different hospitals for research purposes without violating privacy regulations, allowing for accurate assessment of hospital transfer rates.

This paper is primarily for researchers and healthcare administrators. It demonstrates that advanced privacy-preserving technology (MPC) can be used to link patient data across hospitals, enabling more accurate research on patient outcomes and behaviors, such as hospital transfers.

Daily supplementation with 2000 IU of vitamin D or 1 g of marine n-3 fatty acids does not reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events, invasive cancer, or secondary outcomes in adults.

Do not take Vitamin D or Fish Oil supplements expecting them to prevent heart disease or cancer. Large studies show they do not work for this purpose at standard doses.

The American Heart Association's 2024 Statistical Update mandates the use of respectful, specific language for race and ethnicity (e.g., 'Black adults') rather than collective nouns (e.g., 'Blacks') to address health equity and structural racism.

When citing or writing about AHA data, use specific adjectives for race and ethnicity (e.g., 'Black adults') instead of collective nouns (e.g., 'Blacks'). This aligns with current scientific standards for equity and precision.

GIP is the major physiological mediator of the incretin effect in healthy humans, contributing more to insulin secretion than GLP-1.

In healthy individuals, GIP is the primary driver of the 'incretin effect' (the boost in insulin after eating). This physiological fact underpins the rationale for using dual GIP/GLP-1 drugs in diabetes.

SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin) reduce cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalization in type 2 diabetes patients, primarily through hemodynamic effects (osmotic diuresis and natriuresis) rather than glucose-lowering.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes and heart or kidney issues, SGLT2 inhibitors (like empagliflozin or dapagliflozin) are now considered a primary treatment option. They protect your heart and kidneys through fluid balance mechanisms, not just by lowering sugar. Discuss with your doctor if you are a candidate, especially if you have existing heart disease or kidney impairment.

Standardized validation protocols, including regular combustion or gas infusion tests, are required to ensure the accuracy and precision of whole-room indirect calorimetry systems for measuring human energy expenditure.

If you are using a whole-room calorimeter, you must validate its performance regularly using traceable standards (like combustion or gas infusion) and report these validation results (accuracy, precision, zero tests) in your publications. This ensures your energy expenditure data is comparable across studies and laboratories.

Intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) does not significantly reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke) in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes compared to standard diabetes support and education.

Even if lifestyle changes do not significantly lower your risk of heart attacks or death from cardiovascular causes, they still provide major benefits for your diabetes control, kidney health, and daily quality of life. The effort is still worthwhile for these other critical health improvements.

Data on dietary intakes for infants, young children, school-age children, older adults, and pregnant/lactating women is significantly sparse, with less than one-third of surveys including this information.

Recognize that dietary data for vulnerable populations (infants, children, older adults, pregnant/lactating women) is often missing. This limits our ability to assess their specific dietary needs and health risks accurately.

Adipocyte ACLY facilitates the activation of the transcription factor ChREBP, which is necessary for glucose uptake and de novo lipogenesis in adipose tissue.

This mechanism highlights why healthy fat storage is important for metabolic health. If the enzymes that help fat cells store energy properly are disrupted, sugar may end up in the liver instead, causing harm.

The PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway is a key mechanism linking obesity and diabetes to cancer, as it is sensitive to nutrient status and cell energy states.

Understanding that high insulin and nutrient levels activate cancer-promoting pathways highlights why maintaining healthy weight and blood sugar is crucial for cancer prevention.

Tanycytic release of VEGF-A is the mechanistic mediator that allows hypoglycemia to increase GLP-1 receptor agonist entry into the brain.

This is a basic science finding. It suggests that the health of specialized brain cells (tanycytes) and their production of VEGF are critical for GLP-1 drugs to work centrally.

Bariatric surgery is the most effective long-term treatment for severe obesity, significantly reducing risks of CVD, type 2 diabetes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet access is inequitable due to socioeconomic and structural barriers.

If you have severe obesity and comorbidities, bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for long-term health. Seek out high-volume centers and ensure your insurance covers the procedure and follow-up care.

Supplementation with 3g/day of HMB (calcium or free acid) does not significantly enhance fat-free mass or strength gains in young adults undergoing resistance exercise training compared to placebo.

If you are a young adult (under 45) doing resistance training, taking 3g of HMB daily will not give you more muscle or strength than training alone. Save your money.

There is a significant disconnect between mechanistic research (e.g., mTOR signaling) and applied intervention studies, leading to a lack of systematic translation of basic science into concrete intervention strategies.

Current research often fails to bridge the gap between molecular science and practical advice. For now, focus on the proven basics: consistent resistance training and adequate protein intake, rather than trying to optimize based on complex molecular mechanisms that haven't been fully translated into practical protocols.

SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), regardless of diabetes status.

If you have heart failure, especially with reduced ejection fraction, ask your doctor about SGLT2 inhibitors like empagliflozin or dapagliflozin. These drugs help your heart pump better and reduce hospitalizations, even if you don't have diabetes.

Interventions that delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in overweight/obese subjects with dysglycemia do not reduce the subsequent development or prevalence of diabetic retinopathy for up to 20 years.

If you have prediabetes or are at risk for type 2 diabetes, preventing or delaying the onset of diabetes through lifestyle changes or medication (like metformin) does not guarantee that you will avoid eye damage (retinopathy). Retinopathy can start during the prediabetic stage. Therefore, regular eye exams are crucial for people with prediabetes, regardless of whether they successfully prevent diabetes.

A long-term intensive lifestyle intervention (caloric restriction and increased physical activity) does not significantly reduce the prevalence of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG-LVH) in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes.

For individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity, engaging in a long-term intensive lifestyle intervention (diet and exercise) is unlikely to reverse electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, even if it helps maintain weight loss. While lifestyle changes are crucial for overall health, patients should not expect this specific cardiac structural improvement as a guaranteed outcome of modest weight loss.

Commercial direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic tests for personalized nutrition often lack scientific backing, provide insufficient result descriptions, and draw inferences that are not supported by robust evidence, particularly when based on single gene variants.

Be skeptical of DTC genetic nutrition tests. They are largely unregulated and often base advice on single genes, ignoring the complex polygenic nature of health. The paper states these tests often lack scientific backing. Use them for curiosity, not as a substitute for evidence-based dietary guidelines.

Insulin-lowering diets have not yet been conclusively demonstrated to improve cancer-specific endpoints such as tumor response, disease-specific survival, or overall survival in clinical settings.

Do not rely on insulin-lowering diets as a cure or primary treatment for metastatic cancer. While they improve metabolic health and are safe, they have not been proven to extend life or shrink tumors in humans. Use them only as an adjunct to standard care under medical supervision.

Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, significantly reduces cardiovascular death, all-cause mortality, and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk.

If you have type 2 diabetes and are at high risk for heart problems, empagliflozin is a medication that can significantly lower your risk of dying from heart issues, dying from any cause, and being hospitalized for heart failure. It works by helping your kidneys remove sugar and water, which also helps lower blood pressure and weight. While it does increase the risk of genital infections, the cardiovascular benefits are substantial for high-risk individuals.

There is currently insufficient evidence to determine the specific impact of obesity on central blood pressure and its modification after bariatric surgery, as no studies have evaluated 24-hour central BP changes at medium or long term post-surgery.

While bariatric surgery lowers peripheral blood pressure, we do not yet know how it affects central (aortic) blood pressure over the long term. Future research is needed to understand if central BP improves as much as peripheral BP after surgery.

Particulate matter air pollution is the leading contributor to global disease burden, accounting for 8.0% of total DALYs in 2021.

Air pollution is the leading risk factor for global disease burden. Reducing exposure is crucial for long-term health.

Global obesity prevalence has increased significantly and now exceeds underweight prevalence in the vast majority of countries, creating a 'double burden' of malnutrition driven by rising obesity rather than persistent undernutrition.

Focus on healthy nutrition transitions that enhance access to nutritious foods. Address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.