Browse the evidence

GLP-1 agonists (specifically semaglutide and liraglutide) reduce Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) by 12-26% in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity.

If you have type 2 diabetes and obesity, ask your doctor about the heart benefits of GLP-1 drugs. They can significantly reduce your risk of heart attacks and strokes, independent of weight loss.

Incretin therapies (GLP-1 and dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists) produce significant weight loss in adults with obesity by modulating incretin hormone pathways to suppress appetite and reduce caloric intake.

If you have obesity, incretin medications like semaglutide or tirzepatide are highly effective tools for weight loss, working by reducing appetite and slowing digestion. They are taken as weekly (or daily) injections and are most effective when combined with lifestyle changes like a reduced-calorie diet and regular exercise. Be aware that gastrointestinal side effects like nausea are common initially but often improve with slow dose increases. Long-term use is generally required to maintain weight loss, as stopping the medication often leads to weight regain.

Weekly subcutaneous semaglutide (2.4 mg) and tirzepatide (up to 15 mg) produce significantly greater mean weight loss (12-21%) in non-diabetic obese adults compared to daily liraglutide (3 mg, 5-8%) or placebo.

If you have obesity and are not diabetic, newer weekly injections like semaglutide (2.4 mg) or tirzepatide (up to 15 mg) are significantly more effective for weight loss than older daily options like liraglutide. Expect 15-20% body weight loss in clinical trials. Be prepared for gastrointestinal side effects, which usually improve over time. Crucially, stopping the medication typically leads to significant weight regain, suggesting long-term use may be necessary for sustained results.

GLP-1 receptor agonists (specifically semaglutide 2.4 mg and tirzepatide) produce significant weight loss (14.9-20.9%) and improve cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with overweight or obesity, regardless of diabetes status.

If you have overweight or obesity, GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide or tirzepatide are highly effective for weight loss, producing 15-21% body weight reduction in clinical trials. These benefits occur even if you do not have diabetes. Discuss these options with your provider, keeping in mind that cost and access may be barriers, but coverage is expanding for cardiovascular risk reduction.

Semaglutide (2.4 mg weekly) produces significant weight loss (approx. 15%) by acting as a GLP-1 receptor agonist that stimulates satiety centers in the hypothalamus.

Semaglutide is a weekly injectable medication that mimics a gut hormone to signal fullness to the brain. Clinical trials show it can lead to roughly 15% body weight loss when combined with lifestyle changes, significantly outperforming lifestyle changes alone. It requires a prescription and ongoing medical supervision.

Tirzepatide (5-15 mg weekly) produces dose-dependent weight loss (up to 25.3%) by acting as a dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist.

Tirzepatide is a weekly injectable medication that mimics two gut hormones (GLP-1 and GIP) to regulate appetite and metabolism. Clinical trials show it can lead to up to 25% body weight loss, significantly outperforming placebo. It requires a prescription and ongoing medical supervision, and discontinuation leads to weight regain.

Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, provides superior glycemic control and substantial weight reduction compared to single-agonist therapies and placebo.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes or Obesity, Tirzepatide is a highly effective once-weekly injection that works by mimicking two gut hormones (GIP and GLP-1) to lower blood sugar and promote significant weight loss. It is generally considered superior to older single-agonist drugs. To use it safely, you must start with a low dose and gradually increase it to minimize stomach issues, while maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine. Access may be limited by cost and insurance coverage, so discuss financial assistance or insurance prior authorization with your doctor.

Incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 and dual/triple agonists) produce clinically significant weight loss (15-21%) and improve cardiometabolic, renal, and hepatic outcomes, marking a turning point in obesity management.

Current GLP-1 and dual agonist medications are highly effective for significant weight loss and improving overall health markers like heart and liver function. They represent a major advancement over lifestyle changes alone, though they require long-term commitment and management of potential side effects like nausea.

Dual and triple incretin agonists (e.g., Tirzepatide, Retatrutide) achieve greater weight loss than single GLP-1 agonists by targeting multiple hormonal pathways.

Newer dual and triple hormone agonists offer even greater weight loss potential (up to 21%) than single-agonist GLP-1 drugs. They work by targeting multiple appetite and metabolism pathways simultaneously, making them highly effective for significant obesity.

Once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg induces significant weight loss (average 14.9% body weight) in non-diabetic adults with overweight or obesity compared to placebo.

If you have obesity and do not have diabetes, a once-weekly injection of semaglutide (2.4 mg) is a highly effective medical treatment that can lead to an average 15% reduction in body weight over 16 months. This is significantly more effective than placebo and addresses the biological drive to regain weight that often limits lifestyle changes alone.

Tirzepatide significantly reduced body weight compared to placebo, with a total pooled mean difference of -11.62 kg (95% confidence interval: -14.24 to -9.01, p < 0.001).

Tirzepatide can be considered an effective treatment option for weight loss in adults with obesity.

In the highest dosage group of 15 mg, 88.1%, 63.3%, and 51.8% of participants achieved weight reductions exceeding 5%, 10%, and 15% respectively.

Higher doses of Tirzepatide are associated with greater proportions of significant weight loss.

Weekly tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg resulted in more weight loss than weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg, daily semaglutide 0.4 mg, or liraglutide 3 mg.

Tirzepatide may be a more effective option for weight loss in obese adults compared to other GLP-1RAs.

Tirzepatide and weekly semaglutide demonstrated comparable results but with significantly higher odds of achieving ≥5%–20% weight loss compared with liraglutide.

Both tirzepatide and semaglutide are viable options for achieving significant weight loss, with tirzepatide having an edge.

Daily oral orforglipron was associated with a mean weight reduction ranging from -8.6% to -12.6% at week 26 and -9.4% to -14.7% at week 36 in participants receiving the drug.

Orforglipron may be an effective oral treatment option for weight reduction in adults with obesity.

46 to 75% of participants receiving orforglipron achieved a weight reduction of at least 10% by week 36.

A significant proportion of adults with obesity may achieve clinically meaningful weight loss with orforglipron.

In adults with obesity, treatment with 36 mg of orforglipron for 72 weeks led to a mean body weight reduction of -11.2%, significantly greater than the -2.1% reduction with placebo (P<0.001).

Orforglipron may be an effective treatment option for weight loss in obese adults.

54.6% of patients in the orforglipron 36-mg group achieved a weight reduction of 10% or more, compared to 12.9% in the placebo group.

A significant proportion of obese adults may achieve clinically meaningful weight loss with orforglipron.

TZP significantly lowered appetite and food cravings compared to PBO.

TZP may be beneficial in managing appetite and cravings in individuals with obesity.

The combination of cagrilintide and semaglutide (cagrANDsema) reduced weight by -14.13 kg compared to placebo.

CagrANDsema is an effective treatment option for weight loss in individuals with obesity.

Improvements in physical activity or diet mutually attenuated the negative effects of the deterioration of the other behavior.

Practitioners should promote improvements in either physical activity or diet to counteract declines in the other.

Nutrient-Stimulated Hormone (NuSH) therapies, specifically GLP-1 and dual/triple agonists, significantly improve clinical outcomes and functional capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) by reducing cardiometabolic burden and systemic inflammation, independent of weight loss alone.

If you have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and obesity, current guidelines increasingly support using GLP-1 based therapies (like semaglutide) as a core treatment, not just for weight loss but to protect your heart and kidneys. These drugs work by resetting your metabolism and reducing inflammation, offering benefits that go beyond just shedding pounds. While lifestyle changes are still important, they are often not enough on their own to overcome the body's resistance to weight loss in this specific condition. Consult your cardiologist about whether NuSH therapy is appropriate for your specific phenotype, especially if you have co-existing conditions like sleep apnea or kidney disease.

High-dose once-weekly semaglutide can significantly reduce weight.

Clinicians can consider high-dose semaglutide as an effective option for weight management.

Semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide achieve placebo-subtracted bodyweight loss of up to 10.8%, 17.8%, and 22.1%, respectively, in adults after 48-72 weeks.

These medications can significantly aid in weight loss for adults with obesity.