Browse the evidence

Non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (ns-MRA) like finerenone reduce cardiovascular and renal risks in T2D+CKD patients, with hyperkalemia risk manageable through monitoring.

If you have diabetes and kidney disease, ask about finerenone. It protects your heart and kidneys. Your doctor will check your potassium levels regularly to ensure it is safe for you.

Tirzepatide treatment, particularly during dose escalation, is associated with an increased risk of acute duodenal ulcer perforation in patients with pre-existing untreated Helicobacter pylori infection.

If you are taking tirzepatide and experience persistent or worsening stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting that does not resolve, do not assume it is just a normal side effect. Seek medical attention immediately, especially if you have a history of stomach issues or H. pylori. Early detection of ulcers can prevent perforation.

High-dose tirzepatide (15 mg weekly) can induce severe gastrointestinal side effects (prolonged vomiting and diarrhea) leading to profound electrolyte imbalances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia), which precipitate life-threatening ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest.

If you are on 15mg tirzepatide and have persistent vomiting or diarrhea, do not ignore it. Ask your doctor to check your potassium, magnesium, and calcium levels immediately. Severe GI loss can trigger dangerous heart rhythms even if you have no prior heart history.

Evidence regarding the impact of GLP-1 RAs on total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) outcomes is limited, heterogeneous, and contradictory, with some studies showing reduced mortality and adverse events while others show increased complications.

For shoulder replacement surgery, the data on GLP-1 RAs is mixed. Some studies show benefits like lower mortality, while others show higher risks of blood clots and pneumonia. Because the evidence is weak and contradictory, your surgical team will likely evaluate your specific case carefully. Do not assume the benefits seen in hip/knee surgery apply here without explicit guidance from your surgeon.

Adiponectin administration increases glucose uptake and fat oxidation in muscle, reduces fatty acid uptake and hepatic glucose production in liver, and improves whole body insulin resistance.

Adiponectin may be a potential therapeutic target for improving insulin sensitivity.

Blood concentration of adiponectin is reduced in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Monitoring adiponectin levels may provide insights into metabolic health in patients.

In patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk (CAC ≥ 100), intensified multifactorial treatment using SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists combined with high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy reduces cardiovascular events compared to standard treatment.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes and a high Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) score (≥100), current standard care may not be enough. This trial tests whether adding specific heart-protective diabetes medications (SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists) along with aggressive cholesterol and blood pressure management significantly reduces your risk of heart attack, stroke, or heart failure compared to standard care. You should discuss your CAC score and whether intensified therapy is appropriate for your specific risk profile with your doctor.

In patients with Type 2 Diabetes and a CAC score of 0 (very low risk), de-escalating multifactorial treatment targets (e.g., less intensive lipid and blood pressure management) is non-inferior to standard treatment regarding cardiovascular events.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes but a Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) score of 0, your risk of a cardiovascular event is very low (about 1% over 5 years). This trial investigates whether it is safe to reduce the intensity of your cholesterol and blood pressure medications compared to standard care. If your CAC is 0, you might be able to simplify your medication regimen with your doctor, focusing on glucose control and avoiding side effects, without significantly increasing your heart risk.

Semaglutide effectively reverses alectinib-induced excessive weight gain in ALK+ NSCLC patients, though discontinuation due to gallstone pancreatitis can lead to weight regain.

If you are on alectinib and gaining significant weight, semaglutide can help you lose it, but you must get a baseline gallbladder ultrasound first. If you develop abdominal pain, stop the drug immediately as it may cause pancreatitis, which will cause you to regain the weight you lost.

The cardiometabolic benefits of semaglutide 2.4 mg are not maintained after treatment discontinuation, with risk factors deteriorating towards baseline levels.

If you stop taking semaglutide 2.4 mg, the improvements in your blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol will likely reverse towards your pre-treatment levels. This suggests that obesity management with this medication requires long-term, continuous use.

Semaglutide treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes and severe psoriasis leads to significant improvement in psoriasis severity (PASI) and quality of life, independent of prior biologic therapy failure.

If you have severe psoriasis and type 2 diabetes, ask your doctor about GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide. This case shows it can significantly improve skin lesions and quality of life, even when other treatments failed. It addresses both conditions simultaneously.

Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) significantly reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with type 2 diabetes, particularly those with established cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk.

If you have type 2 diabetes and are at high risk for heart disease or have existing heart conditions, GLP-1 receptor agonists (like semaglutide or liraglutide) are strongly recommended. These medications not only help control blood sugar but also significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and cardiovascular death. They are considered a standard of care for cardiovascular risk mitigation in this population.

GLP-1RAs reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure (HF) and prevent new-onset HF, although they may not reduce readmissions in patients with existing HF.

For patients with type 2 diabetes who are at risk for heart failure, GLP-1RAs can help prevent the initial development of heart failure and reduce the likelihood of being hospitalized for it. However, if you already have heart failure, these medications may not prevent future hospital readmissions, though they still offer other cardiovascular benefits.

Tirzepatide use can cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI) characterized by elevated transaminases, potentially linked to rapid hepatic fat mobilization.

If you are taking tirzepatide and experience unexplained fatigue or abdominal discomfort, ask your doctor to check liver enzymes (ALT/AST). This liver injury is rare and reversible, but monitoring ensures safety. Do not stop the medication without consulting your provider, as the metabolic benefits are significant.

Coadministration of SGLT2 inhibitors and tirzepatide creates a synergistic risk for euglycemic ketoacidosis (EKA), a life-threatening condition characterized by ketone production and acidosis despite normal blood glucose levels.

If you are taking both an SGLT2 inhibitor (like empagliflozin) and tirzepatide, be aware that you are at risk for a rare but serious condition called euglycemic ketoacidosis (EKA). Unlike typical diabetic ketoacidosis, your blood sugar may remain normal, so do not rely on glucose readings alone. If you experience persistent nausea, vomiting, or extreme fatigue, seek medical attention immediately and ask for ketone testing, even if your blood sugar is not high.

Observational studies claiming GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce cancer risk are currently methodologically flawed and cannot support clinical policy due to high risk of bias.

Do not rely on current observational studies to claim that GLP-1 drugs prevent cancer. The existing data is methodologically flawed and cannot yet inform clinical practice or public health policy.

The presence of the rare BDNF p.Thr2Ile variant is associated with a suboptimal response to high-dose tirzepatide treatment, resulting in significantly less weight loss compared to clinical trial averages.

If you have the rare BDNF p.Thr2Ile variant, you might experience less weight loss from tirzepatide than the average patient. Discuss your genetic profile with your doctor to manage expectations and explore alternative treatments.

GLP-1R agonists improve cardiovascular risk factors by reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure and total cholesterol concentrations.

Beyond weight loss, these medications also help lower blood pressure and cholesterol, which are key risk factors for heart disease. This makes them particularly useful for patients with metabolic syndrome.

GLP-1R agonists improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes by reducing HbA1c and increasing the proportion of patients achieving target HbA1c levels, without causing significant hypoglycemia.

For people with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1R agonists are effective at lowering blood sugar (HbA1c) and helping more people reach their target levels, without the risk of dangerous low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) associated with other diabetes medications.

Lowering total fat intake does not have negative effects on other cardiovascular risk factors, specifically lipid levels or blood pressure.

You can reduce your fat intake for weight management without worrying about harming your cholesterol or blood pressure, based on this large body of evidence.

In high-risk type 2 diabetes patients, GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure hospitalization, and chronic kidney disease progression independently of baseline HbA1c levels.

If you have type 2 diabetes and are at high risk for heart or kidney problems, ask your doctor about GLP-1 receptor agonists or SGLT2 inhibitors. These drugs protect your heart and kidneys regardless of your blood sugar levels. This is a key shift in treatment guidelines for high-risk patients.

SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended for type 2 diabetes patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) to reduce hospitalization for heart failure, MACE, and cardiovascular death.

If you have type 2 diabetes and heart failure, especially with reduced ejection fraction, ask your doctor about SGLT2 inhibitors. These drugs are proven to reduce hospitalizations for heart failure and cardiovascular death, offering protection beyond blood sugar control.

SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended for type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to prevent CKD progression, heart failure hospitalization, MACE, and cardiovascular death.

If you have type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, ask your doctor about SGLT2 inhibitors. These drugs are proven to slow the progression of kidney disease and reduce the risk of heart failure and cardiovascular death, offering protection beyond blood sugar control.

GLP-1 receptor agonists are recommended for type 2 diabetes patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) to reduce MACE, with the strongest evidence for dulaglutide.

If you have type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease, ask your doctor about GLP-1 receptor agonists. These drugs are proven to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events, offering protection beyond blood sugar control.