Browse the evidence

Early treatment with the DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, did not lead to better glycemic control than placebo and did not prevent posttransplant diabetes (PTD).

Practitioners should reconsider the use of sitagliptin for preventing PTD in kidney transplant patients.

The potential effect of sitagliptin on blood glucose was lost by month 6 after treatment discontinuation.

This suggests that continuous treatment may be necessary to maintain glycemic control.

Anti-obesity vaccines are primarily in preclinical to Phase II stages, with candidates like ghrelin vaccines showing up to 15% reduced weight gain in preclinical models.

Ghrelin vaccines may be a promising avenue for reducing weight gain in future therapies.

Somatostatin vaccines achieved 10–13% weight loss in mice.

Somatostatin vaccines may provide a viable option for weight loss in future treatments.

Amylin receptor activation has emerged as a promising drug target for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.

Practitioners should consider amylin receptor activators as a potential treatment option for obesity and diabetes.

SGLT2i sind etabliert zur Reduktion von Herzinsuffizienzhospitalisierungen und Nierenendpunkten über das gesamte Herzinsuffizienzspektrum.

Clinicians should utilize SGLT2 inhibitors for managing heart failure and kidney disease.

The EndoCompass project identifies strategic research priorities in endocrine science to address critical hormone-related health challenges.

Practitioners should focus on the identified research priorities to improve hormone health.

Current evidence does not support a single dominant mechanism for the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Practitioners should consider multiple factors influencing the effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists.

The DRL model decreased the time-to-therapeutic-dose by 20% in simulations.

Using a DRL agent can expedite achieving therapeutic doses for patients.

Existing pharmaceuticals and bariatric surgeries have limited efficacy and side effects.

Awareness of the limitations of current treatments can guide practitioners in exploring new options.

Estradiol levels were not associated with cognitive function in either sex.

Practitioners should note that estradiol does not appear to influence cognitive function in this population.

Total testosterone levels were not associated with cognitive function in women.

Practitioners should be aware that testosterone does not influence cognitive function in women with T2DM.

Orosensory signals (taste and oral contact) activate PRLH neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) to inhibit feeding on a seconds-timescale, thereby controlling the duration of feeding bursts.

Eating slowly and paying attention to the taste and texture of food engages specific brain circuits (PRLH neurons) that signal satiety within seconds. This neural feedback loop helps you stop eating sooner by reducing the size of each bite or 'bout' of eating, rather than waiting for your stomach to feel full.

Human hypothalamic melanocortin neurons (POMC and AgRP) exhibit significant transcriptomic and receptor-expression differences compared to mice, including species-specific GPCR profiles that directly impact the mechanism and efficacy of current obesity therapies.

Current obesity treatments like semaglutide and tirzepatide target the hypothalamus, but their exact molecular mechanisms in humans may differ from what we learned from mouse studies. This map reveals that human POMC neurons express different receptors (like CALCR) than mouse POMC neurons. This means drug developers must account for these human-specific differences to improve efficacy and reduce side effects, rather than relying solely on rodent data.

SGLT-2 inhibitors provide cardiovascular and renal protective benefits independent of their glucose-lowering effects, including reduced risk of heart failure hospitalization and worsening renal function.

SGLT-2 inhibitors (like Jardiance or Farxiga) are not just for blood sugar. They are now a standard treatment for heart failure and kidney disease, even in people without diabetes. They significantly reduce the risk of being hospitalized for heart failure and slow down kidney damage. If you have heart or kidney issues, ask your doctor if this class of medication is appropriate for you.

SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduce heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular death in patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) and Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF), regardless of diabetes status.

If you have Heart Failure (whether your heart pumps strongly or weakly), SGLT2 inhibitors (Dapagliflozin or Empagliflozin) are a cornerstone treatment that reduces hospitalizations and death, even if you do not have Diabetes. Ask your cardiologist about these medications.

Tanycytic release of VEGF-A is the mechanistic mediator that allows hypoglycemia to increase GLP-1 receptor agonist entry into the brain.

This is a basic science finding. It suggests that the health of specialized brain cells (tanycytes) and their production of VEGF are critical for GLP-1 drugs to work centrally.

SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), regardless of diabetes status.

If you have heart failure, especially with reduced ejection fraction, ask your doctor about SGLT2 inhibitors like empagliflozin or dapagliflozin. These drugs help your heart pump better and reduce hospitalizations, even if you don't have diabetes.

Interventions that delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in overweight/obese subjects with dysglycemia do not reduce the subsequent development or prevalence of diabetic retinopathy for up to 20 years.

If you have prediabetes or are at risk for type 2 diabetes, preventing or delaying the onset of diabetes through lifestyle changes or medication (like metformin) does not guarantee that you will avoid eye damage (retinopathy). Retinopathy can start during the prediabetic stage. Therefore, regular eye exams are crucial for people with prediabetes, regardless of whether they successfully prevent diabetes.

Insulin-lowering diets have not yet been conclusively demonstrated to improve cancer-specific endpoints such as tumor response, disease-specific survival, or overall survival in clinical settings.

Do not rely on insulin-lowering diets as a cure or primary treatment for metastatic cancer. While they improve metabolic health and are safe, they have not been proven to extend life or shrink tumors in humans. Use them only as an adjunct to standard care under medical supervision.

Tirzepatide treatment does not increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE-4) in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to control groups.

If you have type 2 diabetes, taking tirzepatide once a week does not increase your risk of heart attacks, strokes, or cardiovascular death compared to other standard treatments. This holds true for patients with both low and high existing heart risk, providing a safe option for cardiovascular protection while managing blood sugar.

Inhibition of IL-11 signaling through genetic deletion or therapeutic antibody administration extends mammalian healthspan and lifespan by mitigating age-associated metabolic decline, frailty, and tissue fibrosis.

This research suggests that targeting the IL-11 pathway could be a viable strategy for extending healthspan and lifespan in humans. While the study was conducted in mice, the findings support the potential of anti-IL-11 therapies, which are already in clinical trials for other conditions, to mitigate age-related decline. For now, this remains a preclinical finding, but it highlights IL-11 as a promising target for future longevity interventions.

Once-weekly mazdutide (3–6 mg) administered for 24 weeks produces robust, dose-dependent body weight reduction (up to 11.3%) and improves cardio-metabolic risk factors in Chinese overweight or obese adults.

For Chinese adults with obesity or overweight with related health issues, a once-weekly injection of mazdutide (up to 6 mg) for 24 weeks can lead to significant weight loss (up to 11%) and improved heart health markers. While gastrointestinal side effects like nausea are common, they are usually manageable and do not typically cause patients to stop treatment.

Once-weekly subcutaneous tirzepatide (5, 10, and 15 mg) produces significant, dose-dependent weight loss and improvements in cardiometabolic markers compared to placebo in adults with or without type 2 diabetes.

If you are an adult with obesity or overweight (with or without Type 2 Diabetes), once-weekly tirzepatide injections (5-15 mg) are a highly effective medical intervention for weight loss, averaging 8-12% body weight reduction depending on the dose. It also improves blood pressure, blood sugar, and lipids. While you may experience temporary gastrointestinal issues like nausea, these are usually mild and subside over time. This treatment is significantly more effective than older anti-obesity drugs and is generally safe, with no increased risk of serious adverse events compared to placebo.