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RYGB showed significantly greater weight loss than SG at both 12 months (30.3% vs. 25.4%; p < 0.001) and 24 months (26.3% vs. 21.4%; p < 0.001).

Practitioners should consider RYGB for patients seeking greater weight loss outcomes.

Metabolic bariatric surgery is associated with improvements in weight, AHI, upper airway collapsibility, and loop gain.

Practitioners may consider metabolic bariatric surgery as a treatment option for patients with OSA to improve various physiological traits.

Key secondary endpoints include categorical weight-loss thresholds, changes in anthropometric and cardiometabolic measures, and comprehensive safety and tolerability assessments.

The trial will assess various health metrics alongside weight loss to evaluate overall impact.

Obesity without metabolic abnormalities increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) by 46% in men and 34% in women compared to those with normal BMI.

Practitioners should recognize that obesity, even without metabolic abnormalities, poses significant cardiovascular risks.

Obesity is associated with increased risk of heart failure (HF), with a 63% increase in men and a 69% increase in women compared to those with normal BMI.

Practitioners should be aware of the significant risk of heart failure in obese patients, regardless of metabolic health.

Relative preservation of fat-free mass, muscle strength, and resting metabolic rate was observed in one dietary context.

Choosing the right dietary context may help preserve muscle and metabolic health during weight loss.

Discontinuation of GLP-1 receptor agonists is associated with substantial weight regain of 60%-90% within one year.

Clinicians should anticipate significant weight regain in patients discontinuing GLP-1RA therapy.

Placebo-adjusted weight loss was significantly lower in T2D versus obesity trials (pooled ratio: 0.61, 95% C.I. 0.56; 0.67).

Clinicians should consider that patients with T2D may experience less weight loss from incretin therapies compared to those with obesity alone.

Study-level diabetes status, age, BMI, sex distribution, ethnicity, and cardiometabolic comorbidities significantly correlated with BW loss at univariate analysis.

Understanding these correlates can help tailor weight loss strategies in clinical practice.

GLP-1RA therapy was associated with significant weight, glycemic, and renal benefits that were attenuated in Black adults.

It is important for practitioners to recognize that GLP-1RA therapy may have varying effectiveness across different racial groups.

Incretin-based therapies such as GLP-1 RA improve symptoms, exercise capacity, congestion, and reduce heart failure events in obesity-related HFpEF.

Practitioners may consider incretin-based therapies as a treatment option for improving outcomes in patients with obesity-related HFpEF.

Incretin-based therapies lead to reduced ectopic fat depositions in multiple organs and favourable cardiac remodelling.

Incretin-based therapies may be effective in reducing harmful fat deposits and improving heart structure in affected patients.

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) achieves superior comorbidity remission compared to intensive medical therapy.

MBS should be considered as a primary treatment option for patients with severe obesity and related comorbidities.

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass provides superior long-term remission of dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease compared to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Surgeons should consider Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for patients with specific comorbidities.

KN069 led to significant metabolic improvements including lower fasting glucose and triglycerides.

KN069 may improve metabolic health markers in this population.

GLP-1 RAs demonstrate multisystemic benefits including cardiovascular risk reduction and improved renal outcomes.

Incorporating GLP-1 RAs in treatment plans may enhance overall patient health beyond weight loss.

Intermittent exogenous ketosis (IEK) may increase endurance through glycogen sparing.

Practitioners may consider IEK as a strategy to enhance endurance in athletes.

Retatrutide achieves an 82.4% relative reduction in hepatic fat and normalizes liver fat in 86% of patients.

Retatrutide may be beneficial for patients with fatty liver disease.

Both protein and placebo groups showed improvements in most cardiorespiratory fitness-related and physical performance measures.

Both protein and carbohydrate supplementation can lead to improvements in physical performance for stroke patients undergoing aerobic training.

Most metabolite shifts occurred during the dietary intervention phase, with minimal additional changes after resistance training.

Emphasizing dietary changes may yield more immediate metabolic benefits than resistance training alone.

A high-protein diet, alone or combined with resistance training, induces modest but measurable metabolic shifts without disrupting global metabolic homeostasis.

Older adults can safely increase protein intake without adverse metabolic effects, especially when combined with exercise.

Daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake during exercise was significantly below the moderate recommendation of 30 g·h-1, averaging approximately 11.5 g·h-1.

Athletes should ensure adequate carbohydrate intake during exercise to meet performance recommendations.

Therapies such as thiazolidinedione, insulin secretagogue, and insulin are less suitable for individuals with obesity and T2D as they are associated with weight gain.

Clinicians should avoid prescribing therapies that promote weight gain in obese T2D patients.

Incorporating MRs into a weight loss intervention leads to reductions in LDL cholesterol by -0.18 mmol/L.

Meal replacements may improve lipid profiles in individuals with metabolic syndrome.