Browse the evidence

Overlaying whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on standard resistance and aerobic training significantly improves cardiovascular endurance, agility, and dynamic leg strength in postmenopausal women compared to training alone.

If you are a postmenopausal woman looking to boost heart health and leg power, adding WB-EMS to your existing workout routine (weights + cardio) yields better results than just doing the workout alone. However, do not expect it to fix your balance, flexibility, or arm strength. You must still perform the exercises actively; the electricity enhances the muscle contraction but does not replace the movement.

Training elbow flexors in the initial range of motion (lengthened state, 0-68 degrees) promotes greater distal biceps hypertrophy and greater full-range 1RM strength gains compared to training in the final range of motion (shortened state, 68-135 degrees).

If you are doing bicep curls, try splitting your sets: do some reps starting from a fully extended arm (lengthened position) and others from a partially flexed position. This study suggests that prioritizing the lengthened position (starting from straight arms) may lead to better muscle growth in the lower part of the bicep and greater overall strength gains than prioritizing the shortened position (starting from a flexed arm).

Glycemic Excursion Minimization (GEM), a lifestyle intervention focusing on reducing postprandial glucose spikes through carbohydrate moderation and post-meal physical activity, results in greater reductions in HbA1c, BMI, and cardiovascular risk compared to conventional weight loss therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes.

If you have type 2 diabetes, try focusing on minimizing blood sugar spikes after meals rather than just losing weight. Eat fewer carbohydrates, especially refined ones, and take a mild walk (or do light activity) for 10-30 minutes after eating. This approach can lower your HbA1c and cardiovascular risk more effectively than standard weight-loss diets, without requiring you to restrict total calories or deal with hunger.

Combination therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists provides additive and synergistic benefits for Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome by targeting complementary mechanisms, resulting in superior glycemic control, weight loss, and organ protection compared to monotherapy.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes, Heart Failure, Kidney Disease, or Obesity, current medical guidelines strongly support using SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, either alone or together, to protect your heart and kidneys. These drugs work through different mechanisms to lower blood sugar, reduce weight, and protect organs. While they can be expensive and hard to access, they are considered first-line treatments for high-risk patients. Talk to your doctor about whether combination therapy is appropriate for your specific risk profile, especially if single medications aren't enough.

Whey protein supplementation significantly increases biceps curl strength and lower limb lean mass in postmenopausal women, but ONLY when combined with resistance training.

If you are a postmenopausal woman looking to build muscle or strength, whey protein alone will not do it. You must combine whey protein (20-40g) with resistance training (2-3 times a week). The combination significantly boosts arm strength and leg muscle mass, whereas protein without exercise offers no muscle benefit.

Intermittent fasting variants (specifically ADF and TWF) cause significant lean mass loss when combined with energy restriction, unless resistance training and high protein intake are utilized.

If you fast, you must lift weights and eat high protein (>=1.6g/kg). Fasting without these two factors will likely cost you muscle. Modified fasting days should prioritize protein.

Cluster sets (CS) and rest redistribution (RR) set structures serve as effective, cost-free alternatives to velocity-based training (VBT) prescriptions using a 20% velocity loss (VL20) threshold, allowing the majority of repetitions to be performed with less than 20% velocity loss.

If you want to train with high velocity without buying a velocity-tracking device, use Cluster Sets or Rest Redistribution. For Bench Press, Rest Redistribution (9 sets of 2 reps with 45s rest) was most effective at keeping speed high. For Squat, both worked well, but Rest Redistribution still outperformed Cluster Sets. Avoid Traditional Sets (continuous reps) if you want to maintain speed, as velocity drops significantly faster.

High-quality weight loss, defined as maximizing fat loss while preserving skeletal muscle mass, is critical for maintaining metabolic health, insulin sensitivity, and long-term weight maintenance.

When losing weight, prioritize strategies that protect your muscles, such as adequate protein intake and resistance exercise. Losing muscle along with fat can harm your metabolism and insulin sensitivity, making long-term weight maintenance harder.

Consuming a twice-daily protein-polyphenol beverage (post-exercise and pre-bed) during the early phase of resistance training (first 10 sessions) increases daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and accelerates early muscle functional gains compared to a placebo.

If you are just starting resistance training, adding a protein-polyphenol supplement twice a day (after workouts and before bed) can help your muscles repair and function better in the first few weeks. This involves a specific blend of whey/pea/casein protein with pomegranate extract post-workout, and casein with tart cherry extract before bed. This strategy speeds up early strength gains and protein synthesis, though it may not change long-term muscle size compared to standard protein.

Supplementing with 25g whey protein and 4000 IU vitamin D3, consumed either before bedtime or in the morning after sleep, significantly increases total lean tissue mass and leg lean tissue mass in young males undergoing resistance training compared to a placebo.

If you are a young man starting resistance training and you know you are low in Vitamin D, take 25g of whey protein mixed with 4000 IU of Vitamin D3 every day. It does not matter if you take it in the morning or right before bed; just take it daily alongside your training. This combination will help you build more muscle mass than training alone.

Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for pancreatic cancer (PC), with a 5-unit BMI increase associated with an 8-12% rise in PC risk.

Maintaining a healthy weight, especially around the abdomen, is important for reducing your risk of pancreatic cancer. Obesity is linked to an 8-12% increase in risk for every 5-unit increase in BMI.

Intensive, multicomponent lifestyle intervention (diet, exercise, behavioral counseling) remains foundational and synergistic with anti-obesity medications (GLP-1 RAs), improving outcomes and mitigating side effects, whereas relying on medication alone without lifestyle support may lead to suboptimal results and higher discontinuation.

Do not skip lifestyle changes just because you are taking weight-loss medication. Combine your medication with a structured plan involving diet, exercise, and behavioral counseling. This approach maximizes your weight loss, helps you keep the weight off, and can reduce medication side effects like nausea. Aim for 200-300 minutes of moderate exercise per week and attend intensive counseling sessions (at least 12 in the first year).

Cluster training with 20-second intra-set rest intervals and 3-repetition maximum blocks significantly increases lower-limb fat-free mass and strength in resistance-trained men, with no additional benefit from extending rest to 40 seconds.

If you are a trained male lifter, try cluster training with 20-second rests between blocks of 3 reps. This approach significantly boosts strength and lower-body muscle mass. You do not need to rest 40 seconds between blocks for extra gains; 20 seconds is sufficient and more time-efficient. Ensure you are eating enough calories and protein to support these adaptations.

Creatine monohydrate supplementation (3-5 g/day) combined with resistance training significantly increases lean body mass and strength in healthy older adults.

If you are doing resistance training, adding 3-5 grams of creatine monohydrate daily can help you gain more muscle and strength than training alone. It is safe for older adults and does not harm kidney or liver function.

Ingesting a 30g blend of 25g whey and 5g collagen protein increases both myofibrillar and muscle connective protein synthesis rates in the rested leg of young, recreationally active men.

If you want to support both muscle growth and connective tissue health (tendons/ligaments) after resistance training, try a protein blend containing 25g of whey and 5g of collagen. This specific ratio appears to optimize the amino acid profile (leucine for muscle, glycine for connective tissue) better than whey or collagen alone in young, active men.

Metabolic surgery (RYGB, SG, BPD) is more effective than conservative medical therapy for achieving remission of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and improving glycemic control, regardless of the patient's preoperative BMI.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes, especially if medications aren't controlling your blood sugar, metabolic surgery (like gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy) is clinically proven to be more effective than drugs or diet alone for achieving remission and preventing long-term complications, regardless of your current weight.

An intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) comprising caloric restriction and increased physical activity significantly reduces the progression of kidney disease (decline in eGFR and need for kidney replacement therapy) in adults aged 60 years or older with type 2 diabetes, with benefits persisting after the active intervention ends.

If you are over 60 and have type 2 diabetes, a structured lifestyle program focusing on modest calorie reduction (1200-1800 kcal/day) and building up to 175 minutes of moderate exercise per week can significantly slow kidney damage. This benefit is specific to older adults and persists even after the formal program ends, making it a crucial strategy for renal protection in this demographic.

Improving alignment with the 2018 WCRF/AICR Cancer Prevention Recommendations (higher score) is associated with a significantly lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes in high-risk adults, particularly in those not taking metformin.

To lower your diabetes risk, aim to improve your overall lifestyle alignment. This means maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active (>=150 min/week), eating more plants/fiber, and limiting fast food, red/processed meat, sugary drinks, and alcohol. Even small improvements in these areas can significantly reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes, especially if you are not taking metformin.

Whey protein supplementation (20-40 g/day) combined with resistance training preserves lean body mass and improves strength during GLP-1RA-induced weight loss.

Aim for 1.2-2.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily. Use whey protein shakes (20-40g) to help meet this goal, especially if you struggle to eat enough solid food. Combine this with resistance training to protect your muscles.

Prevention of GLP-1RA-induced muscle loss requires a multimodal strategy combining resistance exercise, high protein intake (1.2-1.6 g/kg/day), and potentially specific supplements (BCAA, Creatine, Vitamin D).

To keep your muscles while losing weight on GLP-1s, lift weights 2-3 times a week and eat 1.2-1.6 grams of protein per kg of your body weight every day. Spread this protein across 3 meals. Consider adding creatine or Vitamin D if your diet is lacking.

Combining GLP-1 receptor agonists with resistance and aerobic exercise training yields greater fat loss and better preservation of lean muscle mass compared to GLP-1 use alone.

If you are prescribed a GLP-1 medication for weight loss, do not rely on the drug alone. You must combine it with resistance and aerobic exercise. This combination is critical to ensure you lose fat rather than muscle, preserving your metabolic health and physical function.

Shortening inter-set rest intervals from 120 seconds to 60 seconds during resistance training increases cardiovascular, metabolic, and perceptual stress without reducing total volume-load, thereby providing a more potent stimulus for hypertrophy.

To maximize muscle growth, try reducing your rest between sets to 60 seconds. This increases the metabolic stress (lactate, heart rate, perceived effort) which is linked to hypertrophy, without sacrificing the amount of weight you lift. You do not need to rest 2 minutes; 1 minute is sufficient to maintain performance while boosting the hormonal and metabolic response.

Combining GLP-1 receptor agonists with resistance training and/or specific nutritional strategies (e.g., higher protein, ketogenic therapy) preserves fat-free mass and muscle strength better than pharmacotherapy alone.

To prevent muscle loss while on GLP-1s, consider combining your medication with resistance training and a diet that supports muscle retention, such as one higher in protein or potentially ketogenic, under medical supervision.

Obesity medications (OMs) such as semaglutide and tirzepatide cause significant weight loss but also result in lean mass loss, necessitating targeted nutritional and exercise interventions to preserve skeletal muscle.

OMs like semaglutide and tirzepatide are highly effective for weight loss but can cause muscle loss. To counter this, eat enough protein (0.8-1.5 g/kg/day depending on your age/health) and do resistance exercises. This helps protect your muscle while you lose fat.