Browse the evidence

Prediabetes is a complex condition requiring diagnosis and management by a multidisciplinary team of health professionals to delay and/or prevent progression to type 2 diabetes.

Health practitioners should collaborate in managing prediabetes to effectively prevent type 2 diabetes.

Establishing clear roles and responsibilities for diagnosing and managing prediabetes will improve prediabetes care and diabetes prevention in rural settings.

Practitioners should define roles clearly to enhance the management of prediabetes.

The study identified five themes related to prediabetes management and type 2 diabetes prevention.

Understanding these themes can guide practitioners in improving prediabetes management.

Body food choice congruence is significantly higher in individuals with exercise addiction compared to those at risk of addiction.

Understanding food choice congruence may help in addressing exercise addiction.

Individuals at risk of exercise dependence have significantly lower average daily intakes of several nutrients compared to those at an addicted level.

Nutritional counseling may be beneficial for individuals at risk of exercise addiction.

Regular follow-up is crucial for tracking outcomes and evaluating evolving aesthetic needs in GLP-1 weight loss patients.

Practitioners should implement regular follow-ups to ensure effective treatment and satisfaction.

Two recently released guidelines provide useful recommendations for the care of medical inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Practitioners should refer to these guidelines for managing hospitalized patients with T2DM.

The guidelines mostly agree, although there are slight differences in their recommendations.

Practitioners should be aware of both the consensus and differences in the guidelines.

Expert diabetologists discuss their approach to inpatient management of T2DM, including glycemic goals and medication use.

Practitioners can learn from expert discussions on managing glycemic control and medication use.

High cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with 0.08 to 0.13 standard deviation better global cognitive function, executive function, and attention.

Encouraging higher cardiorespiratory fitness may improve cognitive health in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Lower HbA1c is associated with 0.17 to 0.22 standard deviation better cognitive function across all domains.

Improving diabetes control to achieve lower HbA1c levels may enhance cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Tirzepatide enables a significant proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes to achieve normoglycemia (HbA1c < 5.7%) without clinically significant hypoglycemia, particularly when not combined with insulin or sulfonylureas.

Tirzepatide can help many patients with type 2 diabetes achieve normal blood sugar levels (HbA1c < 5.7%) without the high risk of dangerous low blood sugar episodes, especially if they are not taking insulin or sulfonylureas. This is a significant advantage over some other diabetes medications. Patients should still monitor their blood sugar as advised by their healthcare provider, but the risk of hypoglycemia is much lower with tirzepatide alone.

A 6-month dietary intervention producing a 500 kcal/day energy deficit yields similar weight loss outcomes regardless of an individual's high or low genetic predisposition to higher BMI, as measured by genome-wide polygenic scores.

If you are overweight or mildly obese, a standard dietary intervention creating a 500 kcal/day deficit will likely help you lose weight, regardless of your genetic risk for obesity. You do not need a specialized or 'genetic' diet to succeed; standard caloric restriction is effective for everyone in this range.

Obesity increases the risk and severity of psoriasis through a pro-inflammatory state driven by adipokines (e.g., leptin), cytokines, and gut dysbiosis.

Your body fat is not just stored energy; it actively produces inflammatory signals (like leptin) that can trigger or worsen psoriasis. Managing your weight is not just about aesthetics; it is a direct medical intervention to reduce the inflammatory drive of your skin condition.

Intermittent Fasting (IF) is defined as repetitive fasting periods lasting up to 48 hours each, including Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) and Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF).

Intermittent Fasting means you fast repeatedly, with each fast lasting no more than 48 hours. This includes popular methods like Time-Restricted Eating (eating within a daily window) and Alternate-Day Fasting. You do not need to restrict calories during eating windows if you choose TRE.

Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) is defined as restricting food and caloric beverage intake to a specific daily period, resulting in a fasting window of at least 14 hours, with no explicit limit on energy intake during eating hours.

Practice Time-Restricted Eating by limiting your daily food and calorie-containing drink consumption to a window of at least 14 hours. You do not need to restrict the amount of food you eat during this window.

A Fasting-Mimicking Diet (FMD) is a specific diet composed to induce the metabolic effects of fasting while allowing for a potentially higher caloric intake, typically up to 1,000 kcal/day, and is not classified as modified fasting.

A Fasting-Mimicking Diet (FMD) is a specific, formulated diet that mimics the metabolic effects of fasting. It allows up to 1,000 kcal per day for 3-7 days and is distinct from modified fasting, which is capped at 25% of energy needs.

Resistance exercise studies must report specific training parameters (e.g., exercise selection, intensity, volume, rest intervals) to ensure scientific transparency and allow for replication.

If you are designing or reporting a resistance training study, use the PRIRES checklist to ensure you report all relevant training parameters, including exercise selection, intensity, volume, rest intervals, and progression rules.

Genetic loss-of-function variants in the GIP receptor are associated with lower body mass index (BMI) and protection against obesity in humans.

Large-scale genetic studies show that people with naturally reduced GIP receptor function tend to have lower body weight. This suggests that therapies designed to block or antagonize the GIP receptor could be effective for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Pitavastatin 4mg daily increases the risk of new-onset diabetes in people with HIV, but this effect is clinically significant primarily in individuals with multiple baseline metabolic risk factors (obesity, pre-diabetes, or metabolic syndrome).

If you have HIV and are considering statins for heart health, discuss your metabolic risk factors (weight, blood sugar) with your doctor. If you are healthy weight and have normal blood sugar, your risk of developing diabetes from the statin is very low. If you have existing metabolic risks, your doctor may monitor your blood sugar more closely or suggest lifestyle interventions to mitigate this small risk.

Baseline metabolic risk factors, specifically pre-diabetes, obesity (high BMI), and metabolic syndrome components, are the strongest predictors of new-onset diabetes in people with HIV, regardless of statin treatment.

Focus on managing your weight and blood sugar levels. These factors are much more important for your diabetes risk than your HIV status or specific medications. If you have pre-diabetes or are overweight, addressing these through diet and exercise is the most effective way to prevent diabetes.

GLP-1 receptor agonists (Liraglutide, Semaglutide, Dulaglutide, Albiglutide, Efpeglenatide) significantly reduce MACE-3 and cardiovascular death in patients with Type 2 Diabetes and high cardiovascular risk.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes and high heart disease risk, GLP-1 agonists (injectable or oral) are recommended to reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death. Discuss these options with your provider.

Sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) produce clinically equivalent long-term excess BMI loss, though RYGB yields significantly higher total weight loss and superior resolution of dyslipidemia.

If you are considering bariatric surgery, understand that both sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass provide similar long-term excess weight loss results. However, RYGB offers better improvement in cholesterol levels (dyslipidemia) and a lower risk of developing new acid reflux (GERD). Sleeve gastrectomy has a lower rate of minor complications. Your choice should be based on your existing health conditions, particularly whether you suffer from reflux, rather than the assumption that one surgery is strictly 'better' for weight loss.

GLP-1 receptor agonists are associated with a higher frequency of gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) compared to placebo, although the risk of serious adverse events like pancreatitis remains comparable.

Expect gastrointestinal side effects like nausea and diarrhea when starting GLP-1 medications. These are common but usually mild to moderate. Serious side effects like pancreatitis are rare and occur at similar rates to placebo. Discuss management strategies with your provider to maintain treatment.