Browse the evidence

Tirzepatide treatment, particularly during dose escalation, is associated with an increased risk of acute duodenal ulcer perforation in patients with pre-existing untreated Helicobacter pylori infection.

If you are taking tirzepatide and experience persistent or worsening stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting that does not resolve, do not assume it is just a normal side effect. Seek medical attention immediately, especially if you have a history of stomach issues or H. pylori. Early detection of ulcers can prevent perforation.

High-dose tirzepatide (15 mg weekly) can induce severe gastrointestinal side effects (prolonged vomiting and diarrhea) leading to profound electrolyte imbalances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia), which precipitate life-threatening ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest.

If you are on 15mg tirzepatide and have persistent vomiting or diarrhea, do not ignore it. Ask your doctor to check your potassium, magnesium, and calcium levels immediately. Severe GI loss can trigger dangerous heart rhythms even if you have no prior heart history.

Evidence regarding the impact of GLP-1 RAs on total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) outcomes is limited, heterogeneous, and contradictory, with some studies showing reduced mortality and adverse events while others show increased complications.

For shoulder replacement surgery, the data on GLP-1 RAs is mixed. Some studies show benefits like lower mortality, while others show higher risks of blood clots and pneumonia. Because the evidence is weak and contradictory, your surgical team will likely evaluate your specific case carefully. Do not assume the benefits seen in hip/knee surgery apply here without explicit guidance from your surgeon.

Betaine supplementation may improve body composition based on animal models.

Athletes may consider betaine for potential body composition benefits.

Current literature does not support a beneficial effect of betaine on muscle strength and power in humans.

Athletes should be cautious about expecting strength and power improvements from betaine.

Energy restriction (ER) affects multiple metabolic, physiological, genetic, and cellular adaptation pathways associated with prolonged lifespan.

Practitioners should consider the potential lifespan benefits of energy restriction.

The sustainability of energy restriction and its implementation across different diseases remains challenging.

Practitioners should be aware of the challenges in implementing energy restriction sustainably.

A high-fat diet causes an increase in energy intake, fat mass, and liver adiposity in rats.

High-fat diets may lead to increased fat accumulation and energy intake in animal models.

Intermittent exercise markedly attenuates the effects of a high-fat diet.

Incorporating intermittent exercise may help mitigate the adverse effects of high-fat diets in animal models.

Diets rich in linoleic acid can induce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats.

High linoleic acid intake may contribute to liver disease in animal models.

Adiponectin administration increases glucose uptake and fat oxidation in muscle, reduces fatty acid uptake and hepatic glucose production in liver, and improves whole body insulin resistance.

Adiponectin may be a potential therapeutic target for improving insulin sensitivity.

Blood concentration of adiponectin is reduced in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Monitoring adiponectin levels may provide insights into metabolic health in patients.

Adiponectin activates AMPK, a putative master metabolic regulator.

Understanding the role of AMPK activation could inform therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic disorders.

Certain types of vegetable oil and hydrogenated oil have been shown to shorten survival in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The use of certain vegetable oils may pose risks to health, particularly in vulnerable populations.

Metabolic surgery (bariatric surgery) is a highly effective treatment for T2DM remission in patients with BMI ≥ 32.5 kg/m2, offering higher remission rates and long-term benefits compared to conventional treatments.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes and a high BMI (32.5 or higher), and lifestyle changes haven't been enough, metabolic surgery might be an option. It can lead to long-term remission of diabetes for many people. Discuss with your doctor if you are a candidate, as it involves surgery and long-term monitoring.

Adherence to a nutrient-dense carnivore diet (high fat, moderate protein, negligible carbohydrates) can induce remission of type 2 diabetes and hypertension in patients with long-standing disease history.

This case suggests that eliminating carbohydrates and eating a diet consisting only of animal products (meat, eggs, fats) may help reverse type 2 diabetes and hypertension, even in long-standing cases. However, this is based on a single patient who also had cancer and refused standard care. Do not attempt this without medical supervision, especially if you have kidney disease or are on medication, as dosages may need adjustment.

Systematic review evidence does not establish a strong or clear association between palm oil consumption and increased risk of cardiovascular disease or CVD-specific mortality.

Current systematic evidence does not support the claim that palm oil consumption increases cardiovascular disease risk. While palm oil contains saturated fats, the review found no strong link to CVD or mortality. Focus on maintaining a healthy overall diet pattern rather than avoiding palm oil specifically.

In patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk (CAC ≥ 100), intensified multifactorial treatment using SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists combined with high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy reduces cardiovascular events compared to standard treatment.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes and a high Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) score (≥100), current standard care may not be enough. This trial tests whether adding specific heart-protective diabetes medications (SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists) along with aggressive cholesterol and blood pressure management significantly reduces your risk of heart attack, stroke, or heart failure compared to standard care. You should discuss your CAC score and whether intensified therapy is appropriate for your specific risk profile with your doctor.

In patients with Type 2 Diabetes and a CAC score of 0 (very low risk), de-escalating multifactorial treatment targets (e.g., less intensive lipid and blood pressure management) is non-inferior to standard treatment regarding cardiovascular events.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes but a Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) score of 0, your risk of a cardiovascular event is very low (about 1% over 5 years). This trial investigates whether it is safe to reduce the intensity of your cholesterol and blood pressure medications compared to standard care. If your CAC is 0, you might be able to simplify your medication regimen with your doctor, focusing on glucose control and avoiding side effects, without significantly increasing your heart risk.

Intensive lifestyle interventions focused on weight loss do not reduce cardiovascular morbidity or all-cause mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity.

If you have type 2 diabetes and are overweight, focusing intensely on losing weight through strict diet and exercise may not protect your heart or extend your life as much as previously thought. Prioritize sustainable health behaviors and mental well-being over the scale number, as the medical evidence for mortality benefits from weight loss in this specific group is lacking.

Semaglutide effectively reverses alectinib-induced excessive weight gain in ALK+ NSCLC patients, though discontinuation due to gallstone pancreatitis can lead to weight regain.

If you are on alectinib and gaining significant weight, semaglutide can help you lose it, but you must get a baseline gallbladder ultrasound first. If you develop abdominal pain, stop the drug immediately as it may cause pancreatitis, which will cause you to regain the weight you lost.

Internet interventions are effective for smoking cessation, increasing abstinence rates.

Use internet-based programs to help you quit smoking. These programs offer personalized feedback and support, which can increase your chances of staying smoke-free.

The cardiometabolic benefits of semaglutide 2.4 mg are not maintained after treatment discontinuation, with risk factors deteriorating towards baseline levels.

If you stop taking semaglutide 2.4 mg, the improvements in your blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol will likely reverse towards your pre-treatment levels. This suggests that obesity management with this medication requires long-term, continuous use.

Semaglutide treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes and severe psoriasis leads to significant improvement in psoriasis severity (PASI) and quality of life, independent of prior biologic therapy failure.

If you have severe psoriasis and type 2 diabetes, ask your doctor about GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide. This case shows it can significantly improve skin lesions and quality of life, even when other treatments failed. It addresses both conditions simultaneously.