Browse the evidence

Enablers of medication adherence include patient education, family support, effective patient-provider communication, and structured diabetes education programmes.

Enhancing these enablers may lead to better adherence outcomes.

Individuals with diagnosed T2DM reported higher HEI component scores for added sugar, indicating lower sugar intake, but lower scores for sodium and refined grains, indicating higher intake of these components, compared to those without diagnoses.

Dietary management for T2DM should address both sugar intake and the high consumption of sodium and refined grains.

The main effect of eating disorder category on UPF consumption was statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI.

The significant association suggests that eating disorder categories should be considered in dietary evaluations.

Leucine supplementation (50 mg/kg/day) significantly improves sprint performance in basketball athletes by enhancing cytoskeletal dynamics and muscle adaptation.

Basketball players looking to improve sprint speed may benefit from taking 50 mg of leucine per kg of body weight daily, split before and after training, for at least 4 weeks. This should be combined with a balanced diet and regular training. While shooting accuracy showed trends, the strongest evidence supports speed improvements.

Leucine supplementation upregulates cytoskeletal genes (e.g., tubulins, vimentin, cadherins) in muscle tissue, which may support muscle growth and structural integrity.

For coaches and athletes, the upregulation of cytoskeletal genes suggests that leucine may help build more resilient muscle tissue. This supports the use of leucine not just for immediate performance, but for long-term muscle health and recovery in high-intensity sports.

Whey protein powders contain significantly higher concentrations of sweet-tasting free amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, proline, threonine) compared to plant-based protein powders.

If you are choosing between whey and plant protein, be aware that whey naturally contains higher levels of certain free amino acids like glycine and alanine. This difference exists regardless of the total protein content listed on the label.

High concentrations of specific free amino acids (glutamine, tryptophan) are consistently present in both whey and plant-based protein powders.

You can expect both whey and plant protein powders to be rich sources of glutamine and tryptophan.

The geographical origin of protein powder (India, China, Japan) significantly influences its free amino acid profile.

The country where your protein powder was manufactured affects its specific amino acid content, not just the brand or type.

MMA fighters exhibit body composition (skeletal muscle mass, body fat percentage, visceral fat mass, and phase angle) statistically indistinguishable from elite powerlifting athletes, despite fundamentally different training methodologies.

If you are an MMA fighter, you do not need to sacrifice muscle mass to maintain your conditioning. Your body composition (muscle and fat levels) can be just as favorable as a powerlifter's, provided you train with sufficient intensity and volume. Focus on maintaining high tissue quality (phase angle) through balanced aerobic and anaerobic training rather than cutting muscle for weight classes.

Mainting fat-free mass through resistance training and protein supplementation is a viable strategy to mitigate Brugada syndrome risk.

Consider incorporating resistance training and adequate protein intake to build fat-free mass, as this may help protect against Brugada syndrome. Discuss this with your doctor, as specific protocols are still being validated.

Younger age (<65 years) and shorter duration of severe neutropenia are the strongest independent predictors of lean mass gain during adapted physical activity in hematology inpatients.

Younger hematology patients (<65) and those with shorter periods of severe neutropenia are likely to see the greatest lean mass benefits from adapted physical activity. Older patients or those with prolonged neutropenia may see minimal gain, but activity remains safe and improves physical function.

University students, particularly males, frequently consume protein supplements (often ~24g/day) primarily to build muscle mass, despite having a high incidence of gastrointestinal side effects and a significant lack of knowledge regarding the actual health risks.

If you are a university student using protein powder to build muscle, be aware that nearly 60% of users in this study experienced side effects like stomach issues or headaches. You likely do not need more than 24g per serving, and taking more than 40g offers no extra muscle benefit. Instead of relying on gym buddies or social media, consult a nutritionist to ensure you are not exceeding safe or necessary limits.

Higher dietary diversity, specifically protein-enriched and anti-inflammatory dietary diversity, is associated with a lower prevalence of low muscle mass (LMM) in older Chinese adults.

For older adults, simply increasing the variety of foods consumed—specifically ensuring regular intake of protein-rich sources (meat, fish, eggs, dairy, beans, nuts) and anti-inflammatory foods (vegetables, fruits, tea)—is associated with a significantly lower risk of low muscle mass. Aim for a diverse plate rather than focusing on a single supplement or food group.

The protective association between dietary diversity and low muscle mass is significantly stronger in women than in men.

Women may derive greater muscle-protective benefits from dietary diversity than men, possibly due to hormonal differences. Women should prioritize diverse protein and anti-inflammatory food intake to counteract age-related muscle loss.

Structured football participation creates positive transfer effects that maintain higher vigorous physical activity (VPA) levels in young adults even during non-practice periods, refuting the hypothesis that athletes do not transfer high activity levels to regular lifestyle.

If you play structured sports like football, you are likely to stay more active during your free time than non-athletes, even if you aren't formally exercising. However, this study shows that even athletes fall short of vigorous activity guidelines (75 min/week) when practice is excluded. To maximize health benefits, you should intentionally incorporate high-intensity activities into your non-practice time, as structured sport alone may not be enough to meet vigorous activity targets.

Structured football participation significantly increases vigorous physical activity (VPA) but does not necessarily increase light physical activity (LPA), suggesting a redistribution of activity intensity rather than total volume.

Don't just focus on the total number of minutes you move. Structured sports like football naturally shift your activity profile toward higher intensities (VPA), which is crucial for health. Even if you spend less time in 'light' activity (like casual walking), the high-intensity bursts from your sport provide significant benefits. Focus on maintaining that intensity in your daily life, not just accumulating low-intensity steps.

Correcting vitamin D insufficiency (levels < 30 ng/mL) may be warranted to prevent greater quadriceps muscle loss and support genomic recovery processes after ACL reconstruction.

Have your Vitamin D levels checked after ACL surgery. If they are below 30 ng/mL, correcting this insufficiency may help reduce quadriceps muscle loss and support recovery, though its impact on functional outcomes is less clear.

Athletes with Type 1 Diabetes should maintain pre-exercise blood glucose levels between 7.0–10.0 mmol/L to offset the risk of hypoglycemia, as exercise increases glucose disposal via GLUT4 translocation and insulin sensitivity.

If you have Type 1 Diabetes and are about to exercise, check your blood sugar. If it is below 7.0 mmol/L, do not start exercising yet. Eat carbohydrates or reduce your insulin dose until your blood sugar is between 7.0 and 10.0 mmol/L. This higher starting point acts as a buffer against the blood sugar drop that happens during exercise, keeping you safe and allowing you to perform.

A carbohydrate-reduced telemedicine nutrition intervention significantly reduces the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and new-onset cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes or obesity compared to matched controls.

If you have type 2 diabetes or obesity, a telemedicine program that helps you restrict carbohydrates to under 30 grams per day and maintain nutritional ketosis can significantly lower your risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular events compared to standard care. This approach works by improving overall metabolic health, which appears to protect the heart even if cholesterol levels change.

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) shows a trend toward reducing MACE risk compared to both medical weight management and usual care in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, potentially due to metabolic changes independent of weight loss.

Bariatric surgery showed a trend toward reducing heart events compared to usual care or medical weight management in this study. This benefit might come from metabolic changes, not just weight loss. If you are considering surgery, discuss these potential cardiovascular benefits with your healthcare provider, especially if you have type 2 diabetes.

Participation in a citizen-led, unsupervised online peer coaching community for type 2 diabetes leads to substantial, sustained improvements in weight, waist circumference, fasting glucose, and HbA1c.

Join a supportive, peer-led community focused on lifestyle changes like low-carb diets and fasting. Track your metrics (weight, waist, glucose) regularly and share them. The social support and accountability from others with similar struggles can drive significant, sustained metabolic improvements without needing direct medical supervision.

High baseline Weight Bias Internalization (WBI) is associated with reduced likelihood of achieving clinically meaningful weight loss in lifestyle modification programs.

If you struggle with negative thoughts about your weight, know that this can make weight loss harder. Consider asking your care team about strategies to address these feelings, such as self-compassion exercises or counseling. Addressing these psychological barriers can help you stay engaged and improve your chances of reaching your health goals.

Formula diet-based lifestyle interventions may lead to greater weight loss compared to modern antidiabetic drugs, while maintaining comparable long-term glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetes patients.

If you have type 2 diabetes and are obese, consider a formula diet-based lifestyle intervention. It may help you lose more weight than antidiabetic drugs while keeping your blood sugar under control, at least in the short term.

A 12-week canteen-based intervention marginally improves lipid metabolism (decreased TG, LDL-C, ApoB; increased HDL-C) but does not significantly affect blood pressure, glucose, or insulin resistance in middle-aged adults.

While this intervention improves lipid profiles, it may not significantly impact blood pressure or blood glucose in the short term. Focus on lipid management through dietary changes if you have mild dyslipidemia.