Browse the evidence

Intensive blood pressure control (Systolic < 120 mmHg) in Type 2 Diabetes does not reduce major cardiovascular events compared to standard control (< 140 mmHg) and increases adverse events like hypotension and renal failure.

For Type 2 Diabetics with high blood pressure, aiming for a standard target (e.g., <140/90 mmHg) is likely sufficient for preventing major heart events and avoids the risks of side effects like fainting or kidney stress associated with very aggressive lowering (<120 mmHg). Consult your doctor for a personalized target based on age and comorbidities.

Gastrointestinal adverse events were more frequent with semaglutide (82.8%) compared to placebo (63.2%).

Clinicians should monitor for gastrointestinal side effects when prescribing semaglutide.

The most common adverse events with tirzepatide were gastrointestinal, primarily mild to moderate in severity.

Practitioners should monitor for gastrointestinal side effects in patients using tirzepatide.

SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce hospitalization for heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.

If you have type 2 diabetes and heart or kidney issues, ask your doctor about SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 RAs. These drugs do more than lower blood sugar; they protect your heart and kidneys, reducing the risk of hospitalization and death.

GLP-1 receptor agonists provide renoprotective effects by slowing eGFR decline and reducing albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

If you have diabetes and kidney issues, GLP-1 medications can help protect your kidneys and heart, not just your blood sugar. This protection happens through multiple mechanisms, including reducing inflammation and improving blood flow to the kidneys. However, gastrointestinal side effects are common and may require dose adjustments or management strategies.

Tirzepatide sensitizes leptin signaling in hypothalamic POMC and GLP-1R neurons, increasing POMC neuronal firing by decreasing inhibitory postsynaptic input.

Tirzepatide works in part by making your brain's natural weight-regulating hormones more effective. This leads to reduced hunger and increased energy expenditure, contributing to weight loss.

Discontinuation of incretin-based pharmacotherapy (GLP-1 or dual GLP-1/GIP agonists) leads to partial or complete weight regain due to the reactivation of homeostatic neurohormonal systems (increased ghrelin, decreased leptin and peptide YY), confirming obesity as a chronic condition requiring long-term management.

If you stop taking your incretin medication (like semaglutide or tirzepatide), your body's natural hunger signals will likely return, causing you to regain the weight you lost. This is a biological response, not a lack of willpower. To keep the weight off, you must treat obesity as a chronic condition and continue your medication and lifestyle habits long-term, just as you would for high blood pressure.

GLP-1 receptor agonists improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but may increase heart failure hospitalization risk in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

If you have heart disease or heart failure, GLP-1 RAs can significantly reduce your risk of major cardiovascular events like heart attack or stroke, especially if you have HFpEF. However, if you have HFrEF (reduced ejection fraction), these drugs may increase your risk of hospitalization, so your doctor will need to carefully weigh the risks and benefits.

Retatrutide has the highest adverse event risk among the treatments studied.

Clinicians should be aware of the higher risk of adverse events when prescribing retatrutide.

There were no significant differences in changes in waist circumference, BMI, body fat, or metabolic risk factors between the two groups.

Practitioners may consider that time-restricted eating does not provide additional metabolic benefits compared to daily calorie restriction.

Gastrointestinal adverse events were reported in 79.6% of the cagrilintide-semaglutide group and 39.9% in the placebo group.

Clinicians should monitor for gastrointestinal side effects in patients receiving cagrilintide-semaglutide.

Gastrointestinal adverse events were more common with oral semaglutide than with placebo (74.0% vs. 42.2%).

Clinicians should monitor for gastrointestinal side effects in patients taking oral semaglutide.

Participants gained 0.8±0.3 kg (p=0.01) during the ultra-processed diet.

Weight gain may occur with the consumption of ultra-processed foods.

The risk of gastrointestinal adverse events was higher among semaglutide participants than placebo.

Clinicians should monitor for gastrointestinal side effects in patients using semaglutide, although most are manageable.

Tirzepatide and GLP-1 RA across all doses had significant increases in gastrointestinal adverse effects compared to placebo.

Clinicians should monitor gastrointestinal side effects in patients treated with tirzepatide and GLP-1 RA.

Current rates of WMT utilization among patients with obesity are low, increasing from 5.3% to 7.1%.

Efforts should be made to increase the utilization of WMT among patients with obesity.

Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) significantly increased in the TRF group.

Increased BDNF levels may indicate improved brain function related to eating behaviors in women undergoing TRF.

Cognitive restriction scores were higher in the TRF group compared to the control group.

Higher cognitive restriction scores in the TRF group suggest improved self-regulation in eating behaviors.

Gastrointestinal adverse effects were common, but the medication was otherwise well tolerated.

Clinicians should inform patients about potential gastrointestinal side effects while considering the overall tolerability of the treatment.

Treatment persistence was high, with 80% of patients completing 6 months of therapy.

High treatment persistence suggests that patients are likely to continue tirzepatide therapy.

Gastrointestinal adverse events were the most frequently reported but rarely led to treatment discontinuation.

Practitioners should monitor for gastrointestinal side effects but can expect them to be manageable.

Gastrointestinal adverse effects were the most commonly reported side effects of retatrutide.

Clinicians should monitor for gastrointestinal side effects in patients treated with retatrutide.

The most common adverse events in the retatrutide groups were gastrointestinal and were mostly mild to moderate in severity.

Practitioners should monitor for gastrointestinal side effects in patients treated with retatrutide.

Moderate weight gain is associated with lower odds of achieving a composite healthy aging outcome.

Weight management strategies may be crucial for promoting healthy aging.