Browse the evidence

Individuals at risk of exercise dependence have significantly lower average daily intakes of several nutrients compared to those at an addicted level.

Nutritional counseling may be beneficial for individuals at risk of exercise addiction.

Maximal heart rate was significantly higher during the increasing speed protocol (PSP) compared to the increasing elevation protocol (PIP) or the MST.

Higher heart rates during PSP suggest it may be a more intense protocol for assessing cardiovascular fitness.

There are sport-specific differences in the prediction of VO2max using the MST.

Different sports may require tailored approaches for assessing VO2max.

Regular follow-up is crucial for tracking outcomes and evaluating evolving aesthetic needs in GLP-1 weight loss patients.

Practitioners should implement regular follow-ups to ensure effective treatment and satisfaction.

There is reliable evidence supporting the obesity paradox after adjusting for confounders.

Practitioners should utilize reliable evidence when considering the obesity paradox in treatment plans.

Two recently released guidelines provide useful recommendations for the care of medical inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Practitioners should refer to these guidelines for managing hospitalized patients with T2DM.

The guidelines mostly agree, although there are slight differences in their recommendations.

Practitioners should be aware of both the consensus and differences in the guidelines.

Expert diabetologists discuss their approach to inpatient management of T2DM, including glycemic goals and medication use.

Practitioners can learn from expert discussions on managing glycemic control and medication use.

High cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with 0.08 to 0.13 standard deviation better global cognitive function, executive function, and attention.

Encouraging higher cardiorespiratory fitness may improve cognitive health in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Lower HbA1c is associated with 0.17 to 0.22 standard deviation better cognitive function across all domains.

Improving diabetes control to achieve lower HbA1c levels may enhance cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Obesity is associated with a significantly increased risk of kidney cancer, with a 5 kg/m2 higher BMI associated with a 25% higher risk of kidney cancers.

Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for reducing your risk of kidney cancer. Research shows that for every 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI, your risk of kidney cancer increases by about 25%. This risk is driven by hormonal and inflammatory changes associated with excess body fat. Weight management is a key preventive strategy.

Tirzepatide enables a significant proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes to achieve normoglycemia (HbA1c < 5.7%) without clinically significant hypoglycemia, particularly when not combined with insulin or sulfonylureas.

Tirzepatide can help many patients with type 2 diabetes achieve normal blood sugar levels (HbA1c < 5.7%) without the high risk of dangerous low blood sugar episodes, especially if they are not taking insulin or sulfonylureas. This is a significant advantage over some other diabetes medications. Patients should still monitor their blood sugar as advised by their healthcare provider, but the risk of hypoglycemia is much lower with tirzepatide alone.

A 6-month dietary intervention producing a 500 kcal/day energy deficit yields similar weight loss outcomes regardless of an individual's high or low genetic predisposition to higher BMI, as measured by genome-wide polygenic scores.

If you are overweight or mildly obese, a standard dietary intervention creating a 500 kcal/day deficit will likely help you lose weight, regardless of your genetic risk for obesity. You do not need a specialized or 'genetic' diet to succeed; standard caloric restriction is effective for everyone in this range.

High body mass index (BMI) and high fasting plasma glucose are the leading risk factors for years lived with disability and injury in the United States, while high systolic blood pressure and smoking are the leading risk factors for years of life lost.

Focus on managing blood pressure, blood glucose, and body weight, as these are the top drivers of disability and premature death in the US, alongside smoking cessation.

Obesity increases the risk and severity of psoriasis through a pro-inflammatory state driven by adipokines (e.g., leptin), cytokines, and gut dysbiosis.

Your body fat is not just stored energy; it actively produces inflammatory signals (like leptin) that can trigger or worsen psoriasis. Managing your weight is not just about aesthetics; it is a direct medical intervention to reduce the inflammatory drive of your skin condition.

Intermittent Fasting (IF) is defined as repetitive fasting periods lasting up to 48 hours each, including Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) and Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF).

Intermittent Fasting means you fast repeatedly, with each fast lasting no more than 48 hours. This includes popular methods like Time-Restricted Eating (eating within a daily window) and Alternate-Day Fasting. You do not need to restrict calories during eating windows if you choose TRE.

Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) is defined as restricting food and caloric beverage intake to a specific daily period, resulting in a fasting window of at least 14 hours, with no explicit limit on energy intake during eating hours.

Practice Time-Restricted Eating by limiting your daily food and calorie-containing drink consumption to a window of at least 14 hours. You do not need to restrict the amount of food you eat during this window.

A Fasting-Mimicking Diet (FMD) is a specific diet composed to induce the metabolic effects of fasting while allowing for a potentially higher caloric intake, typically up to 1,000 kcal/day, and is not classified as modified fasting.

A Fasting-Mimicking Diet (FMD) is a specific, formulated diet that mimics the metabolic effects of fasting. It allows up to 1,000 kcal per day for 3-7 days and is distinct from modified fasting, which is capped at 25% of energy needs.

Resistance exercise studies must report specific training parameters (e.g., exercise selection, intensity, volume, rest intervals) to ensure scientific transparency and allow for replication.

If you are designing or reporting a resistance training study, use the PRIRES checklist to ensure you report all relevant training parameters, including exercise selection, intensity, volume, rest intervals, and progression rules.

Genetic loss-of-function variants in the GIP receptor are associated with lower body mass index (BMI) and protection against obesity in humans.

Large-scale genetic studies show that people with naturally reduced GIP receptor function tend to have lower body weight. This suggests that therapies designed to block or antagonize the GIP receptor could be effective for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Weight loss interventions trigger physiological countermeasures, specifically adaptive thermogenesis (reduced resting energy expenditure) and increased appetite drive, which persist long-term and make weight maintenance difficult.

Understand that after losing weight, your body will biologically fight to regain it by lowering your calorie burn and increasing hunger. This is a normal physiological response, not a personal failure. Long-term maintenance requires strategies that account for these biological changes, such as higher protein intake or resistance training, rather than relying on willpower alone.

There is no universally superior diet (low-carb vs. low-fat) for long-term weight loss; both result in similar energy intake and weight loss outcomes when protein and calories are controlled.

Don't obsess over whether to cut carbs or fat. Both approaches work equally well for weight loss if you maintain a calorie deficit. Choose the dietary pattern that fits your lifestyle, preferences, and health markers (like blood sugar) best, as no single diet is superior for everyone.

Pitavastatin 4mg daily increases the risk of new-onset diabetes in people with HIV, but this effect is clinically significant primarily in individuals with multiple baseline metabolic risk factors (obesity, pre-diabetes, or metabolic syndrome).

If you have HIV and are considering statins for heart health, discuss your metabolic risk factors (weight, blood sugar) with your doctor. If you are healthy weight and have normal blood sugar, your risk of developing diabetes from the statin is very low. If you have existing metabolic risks, your doctor may monitor your blood sugar more closely or suggest lifestyle interventions to mitigate this small risk.

Baseline metabolic risk factors, specifically pre-diabetes, obesity (high BMI), and metabolic syndrome components, are the strongest predictors of new-onset diabetes in people with HIV, regardless of statin treatment.

Focus on managing your weight and blood sugar levels. These factors are much more important for your diabetes risk than your HIV status or specific medications. If you have pre-diabetes or are overweight, addressing these through diet and exercise is the most effective way to prevent diabetes.