Browse the evidence

Poor nutrition is the leading cause of poor health, health care spending, and lost productivity in the United States and globally.

Practitioners should prioritize addressing nutrition to improve health outcomes.

At 10-year follow-up, the mean total body weight loss was -42.4 ± 19.6 kg for gastric bypass and -27.4 ± 14.5 kg for gastric banding.

Gastric bypass may lead to greater long-term weight loss compared to gastric banding.

Protein supplementation, especially milk proteins, potentiate muscle protein synthesis, lean mass and exercise recovery.

Athletes should consider milk protein supplements to enhance muscle recovery and growth.

The improvement in the 10-meter walking test (10-MWT) after an 8-week resistance training program is associated with increases in lower limb muscular strength (KE1RM) by 8.6% and muscle quality index (MQI) by 7.2%.

Resistance training can effectively improve walking speed in older women by enhancing muscular strength and quality.

Resistance training resulted in significant changes in body composition, including a decrease in fat mass by 1.4% and an increase in fat-free mass by 1.6%.

Resistance training can positively affect body composition in older women by reducing fat mass and increasing fat-free mass.

Sustainable lifestyle modifications are critical for reducing morbidity and mortality from preventable conditions.

Emphasizing the need for sustainable lifestyle changes can guide health interventions.

For people with type 2 diabetes, an algorithm including lifestyle modification and anti-diabetic medications is suggested.

Health practitioners should implement lifestyle modifications and consider medication options for managing type 2 diabetes.

RIR predictions are more accurate when closer to failure, with RIRDIFF values of 2.05 ± 1.73 at 9RPE, 3.65 ± 2.46 at 7RPE, and 5.15 ± 2.92 at 5RPE.

Trainers should encourage clients to gauge their exertion levels closer to failure for more accurate RIR assessments.

Semaglutide is associated with significant weight reductions primarily due to fat mass loss.

Practitioners can expect semaglutide to primarily aid in fat loss for overweight or obese patients.

The proportion of lean mass relative to total body mass increased, suggesting a positive overall outcome.

The increase in lean mass proportion may indicate that semaglutide can help maintain muscle relative to fat loss.

Gamification with support significantly increased mean daily steps by 503 steps compared to the control group over 1 year.

Incorporating gamification with support can effectively enhance physical activity in patients with uncontrolled diabetes.

Gamification with competition significantly increased mean daily steps by 606 steps compared to the control group over 1 year.

Utilizing gamification with competitive elements can effectively boost physical activity in patients with uncontrolled diabetes.

Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) added 0.06 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and reduced total cost by $33,583 relative to semaglutide.

This indicates that ESG not only provides health benefits but also reduces overall treatment costs.

Diet quality changes are associated with long-term weight gain.

Focus on improving diet quality rather than just calorie counting.

Obesity and diabetes require a focus on diet quality and its determinants.

Policy and research should prioritize diet quality over calorie counting.

Diet has become one of the top risk factors for poor health.

Recognize the critical role of diet in health assessments.

Diabetes remission occurred in 57% (46% complete, 11% partial) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and 22.5% (16.9% complete, 5.6% partial) after laparoscopic gastric banding (LAGB).

Bariatric surgery, particularly RYGB, can lead to significant diabetes remission in obese patients.

Liraglutide effectively reduces body weight and body fat through mechanisms involving reduced appetite and lowered energy intake.

Liraglutide can be considered as a pharmacotherapy option for weight management in patients with obesity.

Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly significantly reduces Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) in obese patients without type 2 diabetes, independent of the magnitude of weight loss.

If you have obesity (BMI ≥ 27) but no diabetes, weekly semaglutide (2.4 mg) is a proven therapy to significantly lower your risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death. This benefit happens through direct protection of your blood vessels and reduction of inflammation, not just by making you lose weight. To get the best results, you must pair the medication with a gradual dose increase to minimize stomach issues, and you must actively engage in resistance training and eat enough protein to prevent muscle loss.

Lifestyle intervention, including diet and exercise, is the cornerstone of T2DM management for women in menopause.

Practitioners should prioritize lifestyle changes in managing T2DM for menopausal women.

Restriction of carbohydrate to 50–130 g per day had beneficial effects on HbA1c in trials up to 6 months.

Low-carbohydrate diets may be beneficial for glycaemic control in the short term for Type 2 diabetes.

A target of 10–15% weight loss is recommended for people with BMI 30–40 kg/m2 or abdominal obesity without complications.

Practitioners should aim for a 10-15% weight loss in this patient group.

For people with BMI 30–40 kg/m2 or abdominal obesity and complications, a weight loss target of 10–15% body weight is recommended.

Practitioners should target a 10-15% weight loss for this patient group.

A weight loss target of > 15% is recommended for those with BMI > 40 kg/m2 and complications.

Practitioners should aim for more than 15% weight loss in this patient group and consider referral to specialists.