Browse the evidence

Well-trained men cannot repeatedly supercompensate muscle glycogen after glycogen-depleting exercise and 2 days of a high-carbohydrate diet.

Practitioners should note that repeated high-intensity exercise may not lead to increased glycogen stores in well-trained individuals.

Insulin sensitizers such as PPARγ (pioglitazone) and pan-PPARs agonists (lanifibranor) have shown beneficial effects on both NASH and liver fibrosis.

Consider insulin sensitizers as part of the treatment plan for NASH and liver fibrosis.

No significant pre-to-post intervention increases in muscular endurance were observed in either training group.

Practitioners should note that increased training frequency may not enhance muscular endurance.

A federal junk food tax appears feasible based on product categories or combination category-plus-nutrient approaches.

Policymakers can consider implementing a junk food tax using defined product categories or nutrient criteria.

US junk food tax bills and laws support taxing foods using category-based, nutrient-based, or combination approaches.

Legislators can draw from existing models to design effective tax policies.

Federal taxing mechanisms, particularly manufacturer excise taxes on alcohol, provide informative models for a junk food tax.

Tax policymakers can utilize existing excise tax frameworks to structure a junk food tax.

Ingestion of carbohydrate with protein does not seem to increase the response of MPS following exercise.

Practitioners should focus on protein intake alone for maximizing MPS post-exercise, rather than combining it with carbohydrates.

There were no changes in local arterial stiffness or left ventricular mass after resistance training.

Resistance training does not negatively impact local arterial stiffness or left ventricular mass.

Endpoints predominantly independent of weight loss include hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose in individuals with and without T2DM.

Liraglutide may improve glycemic control independently of weight loss.

The hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes per increment of 10 risk alleles in the polygenic risk score is 1.64 (95% CI 1.54 to 1.75).

Genetic predisposition significantly increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Increasing monounsaturated fat intake in place of carbohydrates is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 1.10 per 5% of energy).

Increasing monounsaturated fats instead of carbohydrates may elevate the risk of type 2 diabetes.

MIP supplements were not found to be superior when directly compared with protein-only (PRO) supplements.

Practitioners should consider that while MIP supplements are effective, they do not provide additional benefits over traditional protein-only supplements.

Ongoing studies of prolonged energy restriction in humans are analyzing changes in aging biomarkers.

Research on calorie restriction in humans may provide insights into aging and longevity.

There was no additional effect on the reduction in blood pressure by the type of fatty acid consumed in the diet.

Dietary fatty acid composition may not significantly influence blood pressure reduction in the context of weight loss.

Leptin concentration is strongly correlated with percent fat in both Mexican and U.S. Pima Indians (r = 0.83 and r = 0.86, respectively, P < 0.0001).

Practitioners should consider body fat percentage when evaluating leptin levels in individuals.

Among U.S. Pima Indians, subjects with type 2 diabetes had lower leptin than nondiabetic subjects (difference = 6.9 +/- 1.0 ng/ml, P < 0.002).

Diabetes management may involve monitoring leptin levels as part of metabolic health assessments.

Mexican Pima Indians had lower absolute leptin concentrations than U.S. Pima Indians, but higher after adjustment for percent body fat, waist circumference, age, and sex.

Understanding the influence of lifestyle and environment on leptin can guide dietary and activity recommendations.

Japanese men had a substantially lower incidence of new coronary artery calcification (CAC) compared to US men (rate ratio=0.26, 95%CI=0.09 to 0.73).

This suggests that dietary factors, such as higher seafood consumption, may influence cardiovascular health.

Circulating n-3 PUFA levels were associated with differences in new-onset of coronary artery calcification (CAC) between middle-aged men in Japan and the USA.

This indicates that n-3 PUFA levels may play a role in cardiovascular health differences between populations.

Skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training is regulated by cyclic phases of protein synthesis and breakdown.

Understanding the regulation of protein turnover can help optimize training programs.

Intracellular energy availability influences protein synthesis and breakdown pathways.

Nutritional strategies should consider energy availability to enhance muscle adaptation.

In the first 6-year period, the mean increase in BMI was greatest among persons who were initially normal weight (0.3 kg/m) and overweight (0.2 kg/m).

Practitioners should be aware that normal weight and overweight individuals may experience significant weight gain over time.

Overall mean CBF was 6% greater for the ILI group than the diabetes support and education (DSE) group.

The ILI group shows improved cerebral blood flow, suggesting benefits of intensive lifestyle changes.

Ingestion of approximately 40 g of carbohydrate does not improve maximal cycling performance lasting approximately 30 min.

Carbohydrate ingestion immediately before a 20 km time trial is not beneficial for performance.