Browse the evidence

Eating a solid breakfast 2 hours before exercise was neither beneficial nor deleterious for exercise tolerance in cardiac patients.

Practitioners can consider that solid meals do not negatively impact exercise performance in this population.

Patients reported nausea and dizziness after consuming an isocaloric liquid breakfast before exercise.

Practitioners should monitor for potential adverse effects such as nausea and dizziness when recommending liquid meals before exercise.

58% of respondents agreed that stores should stock a minimum quantity of healthful foods to be certified as a SNAP retailer.

Encouraging stores to stock healthy foods could improve access for SNAP participants.

Short-term adaptation to a high-fat diet does not alter glucose tolerance in highly-trained individuals.

Practitioners should note that a high-fat diet may not improve glucose tolerance in endurance athletes.

Chronic adaptations in skeletal muscle are likely to be the result of the cumulative effect of repeated bouts of exercise.

Consistent endurance training is essential for achieving long-term muscle adaptations.

The US food supply provides close to 4,000 calories a day per capita, an amount roughly twice the average need.

Practitioners should be aware of the excess caloric availability in the food supply.

Food and beverage companies encourage us to buy more and eat more.

Practitioners should consider the impact of marketing strategies on dietary choices.

Pulse feeding (10 g) appears to have only modest capacity for activating translation.

Smaller, more frequent protein doses may not be as effective for muscle protein synthesis compared to larger doses.

Cortisol, epinephrine, and hunger did not show significant diet-time interactions.

Diet type may not significantly affect cortisol, epinephrine, or hunger levels post-meal.

A 1-3-day high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet impairs performance due to depletion of muscle glycogen stores without significantly changing fat utilisation.

Athletes should be cautious with short-term high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets as they may impair performance.

Fat adaptation does not clearly enhance athletic performance despite changes in fuel metabolism during submaximal exercise.

Athletes may not see performance benefits from fat adaptation despite metabolic changes.

High glycemic index (GI) meals require 1.5-fold more insulin to maintain similar glycemia compared to low GI meals.

Practitioners should consider the increased insulin needs when recommending high GI foods to individuals with T1D.

Repeated muscle glycogen supercompensation is not possible, even with a high CHO diet and light training, but performance enhancement is maintained.

Athletes should be aware that while performance may improve, they cannot expect to continually increase glycogen stores through repeated carbohydrate loading.

Physiological adaptation from a low- to high-carbohydrate diet may require many weeks.

Practitioners should consider that dietary transitions may not yield immediate metabolic changes.

Postprandial hyperglycemia, rather than insulin level, mediates the activation of brain areas associated with food cravings.

Understanding that hyperglycemia drives cravings can help in managing dietary choices for individuals with diabetes.

The four study diets did not significantly differentially affect insulin sensitivity, LDL-C, or systolic blood pressure (SBP).

Practitioners should note that varying carbohydrate amount or GI does not significantly impact insulin sensitivity or blood pressure in this population.

Individuals with insulin resistance (IR) have higher levels of de novo lipogenesis fatty acids (16:0: 22.9% vs 21.7% and 16:1n7: 1.8% vs 1.3%) and lower levels of omega-6 fatty acids (18:2n6: 30.8% vs 32.5%) compared to insulin sensitive (IS) individuals.

Practitioners should consider fatty acid profiles when assessing insulin resistance in overweight individuals.

Race was significantly associated with body fat reduction, indicating non-White participants gained more body fat compared to Whites.

Consideration of racial factors may be important in body fat reduction strategies.

There were no significant differences in serum TMAO, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or vitamin B12 between vegan and omnivorous twins after 4 or 8 weeks.

Practitioners may consider that a healthy omnivorous diet can yield similar clinical outcomes as a vegan diet.

One standard deviation higher polygenic score (PS) related to smaller one-year change in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index (WCadjBMI) in the lifestyle intervention arms at year 1, predicting poorer response among White participants overall.

Practitioners should consider genetic factors when assessing weight loss responses to lifestyle interventions.

Receiving e-messages had no effect on treatment adherence, with class attendance after 6 months showing an increase of +4.6% compared to matched controls (P=.31).

The intervention of sending e-messages did not improve adherence, suggesting that alternative methods may be needed.

There was no significant effect of diet on change in resting metabolic rate (RMR) after accounting for the decreases in body fat and fat free mass (FFM) at any time point.

Dietary glycemic load does not significantly affect resting metabolic rate during caloric restriction.

Participants assigned a plant-based diet for phase 1 did not see an increase in TMAO during their subsequent animal-meat phase.

Dietary sequencing may influence TMAO levels and cardiovascular risk.

Around 50 significant metabolites and 12 significant microbiota genera correlated with TMAO.

Understanding these correlations may help in developing targeted therapies for CVD prevention.