Browse the evidence

Molecular engineering strategies have advanced biologic therapies for diabetes by optimizing therapeutic stability, pharmacokinetics, and delivery.

Practitioners can leverage molecular engineering to enhance diabetes therapies.

Structural modifications such as amino acid substitutions and PEGylation enhance stability and extend half-life of diabetes therapeutics.

Incorporating these modifications can improve the efficacy of diabetes treatments.

Tirzepatide can cause acute hepatocellular liver injury in patients.

Clinicians should monitor liver function in patients using tirzepatide.

Hepatotoxicity is not a widely recognized complication of tirzepatide.

Awareness of potential liver injury should be increased among healthcare providers prescribing tirzepatide.

Symptoms of liver injury resolved and liver enzymes normalized within 3 weeks of presentation.

Patients may recover from tirzepatide-induced liver injury with appropriate monitoring.

The previous version of the guideline did not include a literature review for obesity surgery due to limited resources, and it references an existing guideline for obesity surgery.

Clinicians should be aware of the referenced guidelines for obesity surgery when making treatment decisions.

iWAT injection of MPDA@TZP improved leptin resistance, beiging, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial activity, and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism in iWAT.

Understanding these metabolic improvements can guide targeted therapies for obesity.

Leptin receptor deficiency in db/db mice abolished the weight reduction effect of MPDA@TZP via iWAT local injection compared to that in DIO mice.

Leptin receptor status should be considered when evaluating treatment efficacy for obesity.

More work is needed to understand the mechanisms and full potential of antiobesity medicines in cancer.

Ongoing research is essential to fully understand the implications of antiobesity medications on cancer.

HMB supplementation failed to demonstrate significant benefits for muscle strength (SMD = -0.22, 95% CI: -0.57, 0.12) or mass outcomes (MD = 0.05, 95% CI: -0.33, 0.44).

HMB supplementation may not be effective for improving muscle strength or mass in older adults.

Defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation contribute to insulin resistance and β-cell apoptosis.

Addressing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may improve insulin sensitivity.

There is a need for more high-quality, large, prospective controlled research to elucidate the role of dietary structure with different fat to carbohydrate ratios across the life cycle of diabetes.

Future research should focus on dietary ratios to better inform diabetes management strategies.

In 46% of the 104 studies analyzed, there was no information on the proportion of older individuals.

Practitioners should be cautious when applying findings from studies that do not include older populations.

Older patients were mostly underrepresented in the studies analyzed.

Findings may not be generalizable to older patients due to their underrepresentation.

The analysis found no significant differences in efficacy and safety of the drugs between age groups.

Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors appear consistent across age groups.

Major complication rates did not differ significantly between AOM users and the control group.

AOMs may be safely used preoperatively without increasing complication risks.

No significant differences in readmission rates, BMI, and total weight loss were observed at 6, 12, and 18 months of follow-up between groups.

Long-term outcomes may not be significantly improved by preoperative AOM use.

46% of the 104 studies analyzed lacked information on the proportion of older individuals.

Practitioners should be aware of the lack of representation of older patients in clinical trials when prescribing these medications.

Older patients were mostly underrepresented in clinical trials for GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors.

Practitioners should consider the implications of underrepresentation when treating older patients.

No significant differences in efficacy and safety of the drugs were found between age groups.

Practitioners can consider that the efficacy and safety of these medications do not significantly vary with age.

Common side effects of all GLP-1-agonists include an increased risk of gastrointestinal and gallbladder-related complaints.

Clinicians should be aware of potential gastrointestinal and gallbladder-related side effects when prescribing GLP-1-agonists.

Anti-obesity vaccines are primarily in preclinical to Phase II stages, with candidates like ghrelin vaccines showing up to 15% reduced weight gain in preclinical models.

Ghrelin vaccines may be a promising avenue for reducing weight gain in future therapies.

Somatostatin vaccines achieved 10–13% weight loss in mice.

Somatostatin vaccines may provide a viable option for weight loss in future treatments.

Anti-obesity vaccines face significant immunological and regulatory challenges.

Understanding these challenges is crucial for developing effective anti-obesity vaccines.