Browse the evidence

The reanalysis of the randomized crossover trial did not support the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity.

Practitioners should be cautious about claims supporting the carbohydrate-insulin model based on flawed analyses.

A mathematical model was developed to calculate the body weight change arising from a given energy intake change.

This model can assist practitioners in estimating necessary changes in energy intake for weight maintenance.

Fat-adaptation did not provide a clear benefit to performance in a 1-hour time-trial after 4 hours of submaximal cycling.

Practitioners should note that fat-adaptation may not improve performance in time-trial events.

Eating a solid breakfast 2 hours before exercise was neither beneficial nor deleterious for exercise tolerance in cardiac patients.

Practitioners can consider that solid meals do not negatively impact exercise performance in this population.

Patients reported nausea and dizziness after consuming an isocaloric liquid breakfast before exercise.

Practitioners should monitor for potential adverse effects such as nausea and dizziness when recommending liquid meals before exercise.

58% of respondents agreed that stores should stock a minimum quantity of healthful foods to be certified as a SNAP retailer.

Encouraging stores to stock healthy foods could improve access for SNAP participants.

The US food supply provides close to 4,000 calories a day per capita, an amount roughly twice the average need.

Practitioners should be aware of the excess caloric availability in the food supply.

Food and beverage companies encourage us to buy more and eat more.

Practitioners should consider the impact of marketing strategies on dietary choices.

Race was significantly associated with body fat reduction, indicating non-White participants gained more body fat compared to Whites.

Consideration of racial factors may be important in body fat reduction strategies.

There were no significant differences in serum TMAO, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or vitamin B12 between vegan and omnivorous twins after 4 or 8 weeks.

Practitioners may consider that a healthy omnivorous diet can yield similar clinical outcomes as a vegan diet.

Receiving e-messages had no effect on treatment adherence, with class attendance after 6 months showing an increase of +4.6% compared to matched controls (P=.31).

The intervention of sending e-messages did not improve adherence, suggesting that alternative methods may be needed.

No significant differences were observed between the vegan and omnivorous diets for secondary outcomes of triglycerides or HDL-C.

The type of diet may not significantly affect triglycerides or HDL cholesterol levels.

No statistically significant differences were found between groups for changes in total EI, hunger, dietary satisfaction, eating behaviors or weight loss.

This suggests that discretionary food choices do not adversely affect weight loss or dietary satisfaction in a structured diet.

There was no long‐term difference in weight change over time.

This indicates that incorporating discretionary foods may not hinder long-term weight management.

Genetic influences (G) significantly affect restraint (RES), internal locus for hunger (HUN), and emotional and situational susceptibility to disinhibition (DIS) with heritabilities of 52%, 50%, 55%, and 38%, respectively.

Understanding the genetic influences can help tailor interventions for eating behaviors.

There was no significant difference in energy intake between values obtained by COCO and 24-hour recall for days when both methods were used (mean 2092, SD 1044 kcal versus mean 2030, SD 687 kcal, P=.70).

COCO Nutritionist may be a viable alternative to traditional dietary recall methods for assessing energy intake.

There were no significant differences between the methods for percent of energy from protein, carbohydrate, and fat (P=.27-.89).

COCO Nutritionist provides comparable macronutrient distribution data to traditional methods.

This first demonstration of a dietary assessment method using natural spoken language to map reported foods to food composition codes demonstrates a promising new approach to automate assessments of dietary intake.

The COCO Nutritionist app could simplify dietary assessments through automated technology.

The 10% of foods with the greatest discrepancy between measured vs. actual energy content showed a similar discrepancy upon re-sampling (54±28% and 44±26%, respectively, both P <0.0001 compared to 0%).

Significant discrepancies in energy content should be considered when making dietary choices.

Dietary substitution of whole grains for refined grains did not impact body composition over 6 weeks during weight maintenance.

Switching to whole grains may not lead to changes in body fat during weight maintenance.

The report provides a foundation for government, food industry, and nutrition professionals to develop programs and policies.

This indicates that practitioners should engage with policymakers and industry to implement dietary guidelines.

Individuals in countries with low-income consume fewer fruits and vegetables and spend a greater proportion of their income on food compared to those in high-income countries.

Practitioners should focus on improving access to fruits and vegetables in low-income areas.

Even after bariatric surgery, patients may not lose the expected amount of weight or may experience weight regain.

Understand that bariatric surgery may not guarantee weight loss success and additional support may be needed.

The current care for people with obesity in Germany is inadequate and relies on non-reimbursed services.

Practitioners should advocate for better reimbursement policies to improve obesity care.