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Bariatric surgery was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular mortality, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.35.

Bariatric surgery may lead to lower rates of death from cardiovascular causes in this population.

Bariatric surgery was associated with a lower incidence of the secondary outcome of 3-component MACE, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.66.

Bariatric surgery may reduce the risk of combined cardiovascular events in this patient group.

Intakes of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), trans-fatty acids, animal monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), α-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid were associated with higher mortality.

Reducing intake of these fats may lower mortality risk.

Psychotropic drug-related weight gain (PDWG) is highly associated with non-initiation, discontinuation, and dissatisfaction with psychiatric drugs.

Practitioners should be aware of the impact of PDWG on patient adherence to psychiatric medications.

Tirzepatide improved glucose control in overweight and obese patients with type 1 diabetes.

Tirzepatide may be beneficial for improving glycemic control in this demographic.

The obesity paradox was observed among people with type 2 diabetes, with an adjusted hazard ratio for obese vs. normal BMI of 0.78 (95% CI 0.65, 0.95).

Healthcare providers should consider the implications of obesity on mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Smoking status consistently modified the adiposity-mortality relationship.

Practitioners should consider smoking status when evaluating the risks associated with obesity.

Higher variability of body mass index (BMI) is associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes in the control group.

Practitioners should monitor BMI variability in patients with type 2 diabetes as it may indicate higher risks for adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Higher variability of waist circumference (WC) is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular outcomes and death in the control group.

Monitoring waist circumference variability may be important for assessing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Increasing monounsaturated fat intake in place of carbohydrates is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 1.10 per 5% of energy).

Increasing monounsaturated fats instead of carbohydrates may elevate the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Various surgical treatment options for obesity and metabolic disease should be discussed with patients.

Practitioners should ensure that patients are informed about all surgical options available for their condition.

Limiting nutrient exposure in the duodenum exerts powerful metabolic effects.

Practitioners should consider the metabolic benefits of nutrient exposure management.

The relationship between BMI and LDL cholesterol change was not observed on higher-carbohydrate diets.

Practitioners should consider that the effects of BMI on LDL cholesterol may differ with carbohydrate intake levels.

A higher BMI was associated with greater evening preference (P = 0.019).

Practitioners should consider evening preference as a factor in managing BMI in Type 2 diabetes.

The efficacy of lifestyle interventions in clinical care for T2D is unclear.

Clinicians should be cautious in relying solely on lifestyle interventions without further evidence.

Exercise therapy is not utilized satisfactorily in the clinical treatment of T2D.

Healthcare providers should consider integrating structured exercise into T2D treatment plans more effectively.

BAT does not mediate metabolic adaptation to overeating in humans.

BAT is not a factor in how the body adapts to overeating.

The placebo group did not respond to the overreaching phase despite optimal protein and leucine intake.

Even with adequate protein intake, some individuals may not respond to increased training volume.

Increasing saturated fat intake was not associated with CVD or mortality and instead correlated with lower rates of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.

Practitioners may reconsider the role of saturated fat in CVD risk and its potential benefits for metabolic health.

Bariatric surgery performed in patients with obesity and end-stage liver disease waiting for liver transplantation is associated with a 5% major post-bariatric surgery complications rate and a 7% 1-year post-liver transplantation mortality.

Bariatric surgery can be considered for patients with obesity awaiting liver transplantation, with a relatively low complication and mortality rate.

Higher carbohydrate intake is associated with a significant increase in total cardiovascular disease (CVD) events (HR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.10).

Practitioners should consider the potential risks of high carbohydrate intake on cardiovascular health.

Sustained remission was observed in 15.8 % (n = 19) over three years and in 12.5 % (n = 15) over four years.

Sustained remission can be a realistic goal for patients on a very low carbohydrate diet.

Preoperative insulin therapy and T2DM duration ≥5 years were predictors of less favorable outcomes.

Consideration of insulin therapy and diabetes duration is crucial for predicting surgical outcomes.

Gastric bypass surgery has positive effects that cannot be solely explained by caloric restriction.

Practitioners should consider factors beyond caloric intake when evaluating gastric bypass outcomes.