Browse the evidence

Weight gain is linked to increased incidence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

Monitoring weight gain may be essential for preventing chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension.

Obesity was associated with an increased risk of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) among women, with a multivariable relative risk (RR) of 1.93 for obese women (BMI ≥30.0).

Practitioners should consider obesity as a significant risk factor for early-onset CRC in women.

Weight gain since 18 years of age is associated with an increased risk of early-onset CRC, with a RR of 2.15 for women gaining 40.0 kg or more.

Monitoring weight gain in young women may help in early CRC risk assessment.

Prediabetes is associated with increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular events, and mortality.

Healthcare providers should monitor and manage prediabetes to reduce risks of diabetes and cardiovascular events.

Metformin decreased the risk of diabetes among individuals with prediabetes by 3.2 cases per 100 person-years during 3 years.

Metformin can be an effective option for certain individuals at risk of diabetes.

Obesity contributes to poor health outcomes, reduced quality of life, and over 2.8 million deaths each year.

Healthcare providers should prioritize obesity management to improve health outcomes.

People living with overweight/obesity are at greater risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Clinicians should assess cardiovascular risk in patients with obesity.

The most likely environmental factor contributing to the current obesity epidemic is a continued decline in daily energy expenditure that has not been matched by an equivalent reduction in energy intake.

Public health efforts should focus on increasing physical activity to combat obesity.

GLP-1 RA use is associated with increased risk of gallbladder or biliary diseases for longer durations (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.26-1.56) compared to shorter durations (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.48-1.31).

Clinicians should monitor patients on GLP-1 RAs for gallbladder issues, especially with prolonged use.

High intake of carbohydrates with a high glycemic index is associated with greater insulin resistance compared to low-glycemic-index carbohydrates.

Practitioners should consider recommending low-glycemic-index carbohydrates to improve insulin sensitivity.

Higher glycemic index and glycemic load of the overall diet are associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes.

Dietary recommendations should limit high glycemic index and load foods to reduce diabetes risk.

Metabolic surgery is effective for producing sustained weight loss and treating hypertension in patients with severe obesity.

Metabolic surgery should be considered as a viable treatment option for severe obesity and associated hypertension.

Obesity has been declared a disease that results in impaired quality of life and reduced life expectancy.

Healthcare practitioners should recognize obesity as a disease and address its impact on patients' quality of life.

Two-thirds of obesity-related excess mortality is attributable to cardiovascular disease.

Efforts to reduce obesity should be prioritized to decrease cardiovascular disease mortality.

Obesity is underrecognized and sub-optimally addressed compared to other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.

Clinicians should enhance their focus on obesity as a critical cardiovascular risk factor.

At 7 years, HbA1c decreased by 1.6% in the bariatric surgery group compared to a decrease of 0.2% in the medical/lifestyle management group.

Bariatric surgery may lead to significantly better long-term glycemic control compared to medical management.

Diabetes remission rates were higher in the bariatric surgery group, with 18.2% achieving remission at 7 years compared to 6.2% in the medical/lifestyle group.

Bariatric surgery may significantly increase the likelihood of diabetes remission compared to medical management.

1-year reinitiation was lower for those without type 2 diabetes (36.3%) compared with those with type 2 diabetes (47.3%).

Practitioners should note that patients without type 2 diabetes may have lower rates of reinitiating GLP-1 RA therapy.

A diet with a high glycemic index is associated with an increased risk of a major cardiovascular event or death, with a hazard ratio of 1.51 among participants with preexisting cardiovascular disease and 1.21 among those without such disease.

Practitioners should consider advising patients to limit high glycemic index foods to reduce cardiovascular risk.

A high glycemic index diet is associated with an increased risk of death from cardiovascular causes.

High glycemic index diets may increase the risk of cardiovascular mortality, suggesting dietary modifications could be beneficial.

Certain subgroups of UPF, such as refined breads and sugar-sweetened beverages, are associated with higher T2D risk.

Focus on limiting intake of specific UPF subgroups to mitigate T2D risk.

High-quality meta-evidence supports the association between total UPF consumption and higher T2D risk.

Practitioners should consider the quality of evidence when advising on dietary choices related to UPF.

After 5 days of endurance training, muscle lactate concentration, phosphocreatine hydrolysis, and glycogen depletion were reduced compared to pretraining.

Short-term endurance training can lead to significant metabolic improvements in muscle function.

After 31 days of endurance training, muscle oxidative potential increased by 41%.

Extended endurance training significantly enhances muscle oxidative capacity.