Browse the evidence

Published obesity models lack information on the predictive quality and validity of the applied event simulation approaches.

There is a need for improved validation processes in obesity economic modeling.

The association between T2D subgroups and MCI/PD was not modified by the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) lifestyle intervention.

Lifestyle interventions may not be sufficient to alter cognitive decline risks in certain T2D subgroups.

Concerns over ultra-processed foods were part of the holistic and environmental health movements of the 1970-80s.

Understanding the historical advocacy can inform current discussions on nutrition and health.

The discussion of ultra-processed foods in lay media and academic articles often overlooks historical advocacy and clinical work.

Practitioners should be aware of the historical context to better address misconceptions in current discussions.

An indirect effect of T2DM on less improvement in verbal memory was mediated by monohexylceramide C16 : 1.

Interventions aimed at improving memory in T2DM patients may need to consider sphingolipid levels.

An indirect effect of T2DM on less visuospatial memory improvement was mediated by ceramide C22 : 0 concentrations.

Practitioners should monitor ceramide levels when addressing visuospatial memory in T2DM patients.

The Kinovea software and Open Barbell System (OBS) do not agree for measurement of average concentric velocity (ACV), peak concentric velocity (PCV), and range of motion (ROM) during the squat and bench press.

Practitioners should be cautious in using Kinovea for measuring ACV, PCV, and ROM as it does not align with the validated OBS measurements.

Large limits of agreement were observed in all Bland-Altman plots, indicating a lack of agreement between devices.

Practitioners should be aware of the variability in measurements when using these devices.

MitoQ supplementation did not impact mitochondrial respiration or H2O2 emission in the presence of ADP.

MitoQ does not enhance mitochondrial function during exercise in older adults.

MitoQ supplementation did not alter acute exercise-induced redox responses in skeletal muscle.

MitoQ does not affect redox signaling during acute exercise in older adults.

HbA1C levels increase alongside the duration of illness in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Practitioners should monitor HbA1C levels to assess disease progression in diabetic patients.

No significant associations with cognitive function were found for physical activity or adiposity.

Physical activity and adiposity may not be effective targets for improving cognitive function in this population.

Individuals in the younger onset T2D subgroup have the lowest risk for peripheral neuropathy.

Younger individuals with T2D may require different monitoring for PN risk.

The impact of intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) on peripheral neuropathy risk does not differ by T2D subgroups.

ILI may not be effective in reducing PN risk across different T2D subgroups.

Fasting is defined as voluntary abstinence from some or all foods or beverages for preventive, therapeutic, religious, cultural, or other reasons, distinguishing it from starvation which is involuntary and pathological.

To fast, you voluntarily abstain from food and/or beverages for a specific period. This is distinct from starvation, which is involuntary and harmful. Your motivation (health, religion, culture) defines the context, but the core action is voluntary abstinence.

Short-Term Fasting (STF) is defined as fasting regimens with a duration of 2–3 days, while Prolonged Fasting (PF) refers to regimens lasting 4 or more consecutive days.

If you fast for 2-3 days, it is Short-Term Fasting (STF). If you fast for 4 or more consecutive days, it is Prolonged Fasting (PF). Choose based on your experience and goals.

Orosensory signals (taste and oral contact) activate PRLH neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) to inhibit feeding on a seconds-timescale, thereby controlling the duration of feeding bursts.

Eating slowly and paying attention to the taste and texture of food engages specific brain circuits (PRLH neurons) that signal satiety within seconds. This neural feedback loop helps you stop eating sooner by reducing the size of each bite or 'bout' of eating, rather than waiting for your stomach to feel full.

Human hypothalamic melanocortin neurons (POMC and AgRP) exhibit significant transcriptomic and receptor-expression differences compared to mice, including species-specific GPCR profiles that directly impact the mechanism and efficacy of current obesity therapies.

Current obesity treatments like semaglutide and tirzepatide target the hypothalamus, but their exact molecular mechanisms in humans may differ from what we learned from mouse studies. This map reveals that human POMC neurons express different receptors (like CALCR) than mouse POMC neurons. This means drug developers must account for these human-specific differences to improve efficacy and reduce side effects, rather than relying solely on rodent data.

Absolute variance statistics (SDir, lnVR) are insufficient for detecting true interindividual response variation because they are confounded by mean-variance relationships (where higher means lead to higher variances); the Log Ratio of Coefficient of Variation (lnCVR) is required to isolate true response heterogeneity.

When evaluating resistance training results, do not assume that a wider range of outcomes (some people growing a lot, some a little) is solely due to individual 'trainability.' It may simply be that those who grew more had higher starting strengths, which naturally scale with greater variance. To truly understand why some people don't respond, you must look at relative variation (coefficient of variation) rather than absolute changes. For the individual, this means that 'average' program prescriptions will inevitably fail some people, not because the program is bad, but because biological scaling laws dictate that larger gains come with larger variance.

SGLT-2 inhibitors provide cardiovascular and renal protective benefits independent of their glucose-lowering effects, including reduced risk of heart failure hospitalization and worsening renal function.

SGLT-2 inhibitors (like Jardiance or Farxiga) are not just for blood sugar. They are now a standard treatment for heart failure and kidney disease, even in people without diabetes. They significantly reduce the risk of being hospitalized for heart failure and slow down kidney damage. If you have heart or kidney issues, ask your doctor if this class of medication is appropriate for you.

Estrogen therapy does not reduce cardiovascular disease events and may increase stroke risk in postmenopausal women, particularly those with diabetes, and is not recommended for chronic disease prevention.

Do not use estrogen to prevent heart disease. It does not work for this purpose and may increase stroke risk. If you have severe menopausal symptoms and are at low risk for other issues, it may be used for symptom relief, but risk calculators should guide this decision.

2'-FL supplementation does NOT significantly alter the Cytokine Response Score (CRS), a marker of immune aging, in older adults, despite increasing Bifidobacterium.

Taking 2'-FL (1g or 5g daily) for 6 weeks did not improve the Cytokine Response Score, a marker of immune aging, in older adults. However, it did increase Bifidobacterium and HDL cholesterol. Users should not expect this to reverse immune aging markers based on this study.

SGLT-2 inhibitors slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and reduce the risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria.

If you have diabetes and early kidney disease (albuminuria), SGLT-2 inhibitors (like Jardiance or Invokana) are recommended to protect your kidneys. They slow down the decline of kidney function and reduce the risk of needing dialysis, even if your blood sugar is already controlled.

SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of worsening heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), regardless of diabetes status.

If you have heart failure with a weak pumping heart (HFrEF), SGLT-2 inhibitors (like Jardiance or Farxiga) are now a standard part of treatment. They reduce hospitalizations and death, even if you don't have diabetes. They help your heart pump more efficiently.