Browse the evidence

Insulin seems to be cardiovascular neutral, as well as the DPP4-inhibitors Saxagliptin, Sitagliptin and Alogliptin.

Insulin and certain DPP4-inhibitors may be considered safe options regarding cardiovascular health in T2DM patients.

The current evidence for interventions that address food insecurity and obesity is mixed and limited in scope.

More rigorous trials are needed to determine effective interventions for obesity in food-insecure populations.

Success in weight loss was independent of the quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake.

Weight loss programs may not need to focus on carbohydrate quantity or quality.

Increased consumption of simple sugars and fats is directly related to changes in the composition and functions of gut microbiota.

Dietary recommendations should consider the impact of sugar and fat on gut health.

The control group demonstrated a trend of gaining on average 0.37 ± 6.03 kg.

Regular care may not be effective for weight management compared to structured programs.

Subjects with the highest scores on the 'high-protein and high-carbohydrate' dietary patterns had higher odds of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than those with the lowest scores (OR: 2.89, 95% CI: 2.11–3.96).

Practitioners should consider advising patients with T2D to be cautious about high-protein and high-carbohydrate dietary patterns due to their association with increased CVD risk.

The dietary pattern of PCA-prudent was not significantly related to the odds of having CVD in T2D patients (adjusted OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.70–1.24).

This suggests that not all dietary patterns are equally associated with CVD risk, and practitioners should evaluate dietary recommendations accordingly.

Cost sharing does not contribute to better participation or weight loss relative to total subsidy.

Cost sharing may not be effective for improving long-term outcomes in weight-loss programs.

A 6 mg • kg -1 dose of caffeine does not show significant strength improvements compared to a placebo.

Lower doses of caffeine may not be effective for enhancing strength in resistance training.

Resistance training tempo has minimal overall effect on muscle hypertrophy.

Practitioners may consider that varying resistance training tempo may not significantly impact muscle growth.

Plasma interleukin-6 concentration increased approximately 200% by T4, indicating a role in satellite cell activation.

Practitioners should consider the role of interleukin-6 in muscle recovery and adaptation post-exercise.

Statistical methods can separate variability into participant-by-training interaction and within-participant variance.

Using these statistical methods can enhance the accuracy of individual training assessments.

The evidence supporting the three scientific models of obesity that blame dietary macronutrients is mixed and sometimes false.

Practitioners should be cautious about attributing obesity to specific macronutrients without considering the mixed evidence.

Obesity prevalence has been increasing despite the regulation of body weight by a biological feedback control system.

Understanding the biological regulation of body weight can inform strategies for addressing obesity.

The chapter reviews concepts of energy balance and macronutrient balance as applied to the human body.

Practitioners should incorporate energy and macronutrient balance concepts into their approaches to nutrition.

Short-term time-restricted feeding (TRF) does not significantly change supramaximal exercise performance.

Short-term TRF may not be beneficial for immediate performance improvements.

Selective reduction of ~800 kcal/d of dietary fat results in no change in the 24 hr RQ or fat oxidation rate.

Reducing fat intake alone may not affect metabolic rates or fat oxidation.

Two-thirds of adults are either overweight or obese.

Addressing obesity should be a priority in public health initiatives.

Specific warm-up (SWU) protocols are similar to no warm-up (CON) regarding resistance training (RT) performance and perceptual responses.

Practitioners may consider skipping warm-up protocols to save time without compromising performance.

The comparison of 1SET and 2SET to CON indicated negligible to small potential differences for all outcomes.

The differences in warm-up protocols may not be significant enough to warrant changes in practice.

Posterior probabilities of SWU conditions being superior to CON remained relatively low for the bench press and 45° leg press.

There is little evidence to support the necessity of specific warm-up protocols for improving performance.

The cost-effectiveness of ILI over the 9-year period is unclear due to different health utility measures leading to different conclusions.

Practitioners should be cautious in interpreting the cost-effectiveness of lifestyle interventions due to variability in health utility measures.

High fat feeding increases mTORC 1/2 complex formation by approximately 70% for Raptor and 60% for Rictor.

High fat diets significantly alter mTOR complex formation, which may impact muscle growth and metabolism.

Exercise training prevents the activation of S6K1 and the serine phosphorylation of IRS1 induced by a high-fat diet.

Incorporating exercise can mitigate negative metabolic effects of high-fat diets.