Browse the evidence

Consumption of cow’s milk is associated with risks of fracture, obesity, cardiovascular disease, allergies, and various cancers.

Practitioners should consider both the potential benefits and risks of cow's milk consumption in dietary recommendations.

Fifteen problems across seven domains of nutrition and health are present.

Understanding these problems can help guide future research and interventions in nutrition.

Satiation in obese men produced significant increases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the prefrontal cortex compared to lean men.

Practitioners should consider the differences in brain responses to food intake between obese and lean individuals.

Satiation in obese men resulted in greater decreases in rCBF in limbic/paralimbic areas compared to lean men.

Understanding these differences may help tailor interventions for obesity management.

Rates of cancers and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among migrants from low-risk to high-risk countries almost always increase dramatically.

Practitioners should consider migration as a factor influencing health outcomes.

Classification systems embody socio-cultural elements and subjective terms.

Practitioners should consider the cultural context when interpreting food classification systems.

In an early stage of overtraining syndrome, the cortisol response decreases despite increased pituitary ACTH release.

Monitoring cortisol levels may be crucial in early detection of overtraining syndrome.

In advanced stages of overtraining syndrome, both pituitary ACTH release and intrinsic sympathetic activity decrease.

Understanding these changes can help in developing recovery strategies for athletes.

Higher doses of vitamin D did not improve lower extremity function compared to 24,000 IU.

Increasing vitamin D dosage may not enhance physical performance in older adults.

Higher doses of vitamin D (60,000 IU and 24,000 IU plus calcifediol) were associated with an increased risk of falls compared to 24,000 IU.

Practitioners should be cautious with high-dose vitamin D in older adults due to potential fall risks.

Satiation produced significant increases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the vicinity of the prefrontal cortex in both lean and obese women.

Practitioners should consider the role of the prefrontal cortex in the satiation response when addressing eating behaviors.

Satiation produced significant decreases in rCBF in several brain regions including the thalamus, insular cortex, and cerebellum in both lean and obese women.

Understanding the brain regions affected by satiation can help in developing strategies for managing eating behaviors.

Blinding subjects to the treatment increases individual differences in endurance effort, which may reduce precision of performance outcomes in controlled trials.

Controlled trials should consider blinding to minimize variability in performance outcomes.

The real effect of carbohydrate was a slight reduction in power of 0.3%.

Carbohydrate supplementation may not provide the expected ergogenic benefit and could slightly reduce performance.

The SRHI includes measures of self-identity that may not be necessary for assessing habitual behavior.

Practitioners should consider the relevance of self-identity when interpreting SRHI results.

The intake of skim or low-fat milk was associated with a lower risk of PMS.

Encouraging the consumption of skim or low-fat milk may help reduce PMS risk.

Exercise resulted in a 21 +/- 4-fold increase in IL-6 mRNA expression (P < 0.01).

Moderately trained individuals experience a significant increase in IL-6 mRNA with exercise.

IL-6 mRNA expression was unaffected by CHO ingestion.

CHO ingestion does not affect IL-6 gene expression in skeletal muscle during exercise.

Asian Indians had a higher prevalence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM; 7.6% versus 1%; p < 0.0001).

Clinicians should monitor diabetes risk factors in this demographic.

Immigrant Asian Indian men to the US have low HDL cholesterol levels.

Healthcare providers should consider HDL levels when assessing cardiovascular risk in this group.

Variation at the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) is associated with obesity in humans.

Practitioners should consider genetic factors related to the leptin receptor when addressing obesity.

24-hour cortisol production rate (CPR) significantly increases with increasing body mass index and percentage body fat.

Increased body fat is associated with higher cortisol production, which may inform weight management strategies.

Free cortisol levels remain independent of body composition and leptin levels due to increased cortisol clearance rates.

Cortisol levels may not be a reliable indicator of body fat or leptin levels, suggesting a need for comprehensive assessments.

24-hour plasma free cortisol levels increase with age in association with increased CPR, independent of body size.

Aging is associated with increased cortisol production, which may influence health and body composition.