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More ILI participants achieved ≥175 min·wk of MVPA at year 1 (29.1% vs 16.3%, P < 0.001) and year 4 (18.3% vs 10.0%, P < 0.001) compared to DSE participants.

Targeting a specific MVPA goal can lead to higher achievement rates in older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Postexercise protein ingestion (25-g whey protein) enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis by 67% compared to placebo after concurrent training.

Ingesting protein after concurrent training can significantly enhance muscle protein synthesis, suggesting the importance of post-exercise nutrition.

Protein ingestion after exercise increases Akt and mTOR phosphorylation by 175%-400% compared to placebo.

Enhancing anabolic signaling through protein intake post-exercise may optimize muscle growth.

In severely obese patients with previous myocardial infarction, metabolic surgery is associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (18.7% vs 36.2%).

Metabolic surgery may significantly reduce the risk of serious cardiovascular events in this patient population.

The low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) arm lost an average of 12.3 kg compared to a loss of 0.60 kg in the control arm (P < 0.001).

Implementing a low-carbohydrate diet may significantly aid in weight loss for men with recurrent prostate cancer.

Effective treatment of obesity is necessary to reduce the associated burdens of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and death.

Practitioners should prioritize obesity treatment to mitigate serious health risks.

Weight loss interventions can impact both traditional and novel cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Weight loss strategies should consider their effects on cardiovascular health.

Mean percentage weight change at 1 year was -5.1% with semaglutide compared to -2.2% with liraglutide (P < .001).

Semaglutide may be more effective than liraglutide for weight loss in clinical practice.

Obesity as a treatment indication was associated with a higher likelihood of achieving a 10% or greater weight reduction (AOR, 2.46).

Patients with obesity may experience better weight loss outcomes compared to those with type 2 diabetes.

Persistent medication coverage was associated with a higher likelihood of achieving a 10% or greater weight reduction (AOR, 3.36).

Ensuring patients maintain their medication regimen may significantly improve weight loss outcomes.

Mitigation of sarcopenia can be achieved by consumption of higher quality protein in sufficient quantities, greater than approximately 0.8 g/kg bodyweight/d.

Older adults should aim for higher protein intake than the current recommendations to help prevent sarcopenia.

A proposed per-meal target for protein intakes is set at approximately 0.4-0.6 g protein/kg bodyweight/meal for older persons.

Older adults should aim for 0.4-0.6 g of protein per kg of body weight per meal to support muscle health.

More even patterns of protein intake are associated with increased muscle mass and improved muscle function.

Encouraging older adults to distribute their protein intake evenly throughout the day may enhance muscle mass and function.

Weight change at 6 months was -4.31% for the standardized group and -3.26% for the personalized group.

Both diet approaches resulted in weight loss, but the standardized low-fat diet was more effective.

Tirzepatide facilitated an average 18.5% weight loss (>46 pounds) in overweight and obese patients with type 1 diabetes at 1 year.

Practitioners may consider tirzepatide as an effective option for weight management in this patient population.

Total body carbohydrate stores are often less than the carbohydrate requirements of athletic training and competition.

Athletes should monitor carbohydrate intake to meet training and competition demands.

Carbohydrate availability is a critical factor in the performance of high-intensity intermittent work and prolonged aerobic exercise.

To enhance performance, athletes should ensure adequate carbohydrate intake before, during, and after exercise.

Strategies to maintain or enhance carbohydrate availability are critical to performance and are recommended in current sports nutrition guidelines.

Athletes should implement carbohydrate ingestion strategies to optimize performance.

Body fat was reduced to very low levels (∼5%) immediately before competition, but this corresponded with a loss of lean mass.

Practitioners should be aware that extreme fat loss can lead to loss of lean mass.

The implementation of a carb deplete and carb load peaking strategy acutely increased muscle thickness and may be a viable precontest approach to maximize muscular aesthetics.

Practitioners may consider carb manipulation strategies to enhance muscle aesthetics before competitions.

Increased loading as resistance training is the most potent nonpharmacological strategy by which skeletal muscle mass can be increased.

Practitioners should prioritize resistance training for clients aiming to increase muscle mass.

Participants in the caloric restriction arms lost significant amounts of body weight.

Caloric restriction can be an effective strategy for weight loss in overweight individuals.

Two years of calorie restriction (CR) resulted in a 7.7 kg decrease in body weight in the CR group.

Calorie restriction can lead to significant weight loss over two years.

Optimal carbohydrate and protein intakes are vital for modulating training adaptation, recovery, and exercise performance.

Athletes should prioritize adequate carbohydrate and protein intake to enhance training and performance.