Browse the evidence

The carbohydrate quality index (CQI) was associated with mortality, showing a significant inverse relationship.

Practitioners may consider focusing on carbohydrate quality as it appears to influence mortality risk.

Improvements in soda consumption and BMI are concentrated among female and non-white respondents.

Targeted interventions may be necessary to address disparities in health outcomes.

Next-generation incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 and GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists) significantly reduce systolic blood pressure, with the majority of this effect mediated by weight loss, though direct tissue-specific mechanisms also contribute.

If you have high blood pressure and obesity or type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 based medications like semaglutide or tirzepatide can significantly lower your blood pressure. Most of this benefit comes from the weight loss these drugs cause, but they also have direct positive effects on your blood vessels and kidneys. While they are more expensive than standard blood pressure pills, they offer broader cardiovascular protection. Discuss with your doctor if you are a candidate, especially if you have resistant hypertension or high cardiovascular risk.

Some smaller studies show a promising positive effect of nutritional interventions on muscle thickness and function.

There may be potential benefits of nutritional interventions for muscle thickness and function, but more research is needed.

Exercise may improve glycemic control.

Incorporating specific types of exercise can be beneficial for managing blood sugar levels.

Moderate carbohydrate intake was associated with a lower risk of all-cause and non-CV mortality among Hispanic participants.

Practitioners may consider moderate carbohydrate intake beneficial for Hispanic individuals regarding mortality risk.

Providing older adults with protein-rich egg recipes and herb/spice packets increases egg consumption, though it does not significantly increase total protein intake.

If you are over 55 and want to eat more eggs, focus on making them taste good by using herbs and spices. This approach works better than trying to force yourself to eat protein powders or supplements, which many older adults find unpalatable. The key is variety and flavor, not just the nutrient content.

GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonists may provide cardiovascular protection and slow the decline of kidney function in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonists may be considered for patients with type 2 diabetes at risk for cardiovascular and kidney issues.

Patients in the third quartile of overall lower-carbohydrate diet score had a 35% lower risk of mortality (HR: 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50-0.85) compared to the first quartile.

Encouraging adherence to a moderate lower-carbohydrate diet may reduce mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Adherence to a healthy lower-carbohydrate diet score is associated with lower mortality risk, with HRs of 0.78, 0.73, and 0.74 across quartiles compared to the reference.

Promoting healthy lower-carbohydrate dietary patterns may enhance longevity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Replacing 2% of energy from carbohydrates with plant-based protein or polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with 23% to approximately 37% lower total mortality.

Encouraging small dietary changes, such as substituting carbohydrates with plant-based proteins or healthy fats, may significantly lower mortality risk.

Supplementing with whey protein hydrolysate before and whey protein plus carbohydrate after endurance training sessions significantly increases specific mitochondrial protein content (Cytochrome C) compared to isocaloric carbohydrate alone, without improving VO2max or time trial performance.

If you are a trained runner, taking whey protein before and protein+carbs after your runs will increase specific mitochondrial proteins (like Cytochrome C) compared to just taking carbs. However, this biochemical change did not result in faster race times or higher VO2max over 6 weeks. You might take it for potential recovery or long-term mitochondrial health, but do not expect it to make you faster than if you just took carbohydrates.

Higher low carbohydrate diet (LCD) score is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), with a 20% increased risk observed when comparing the highest quintile (38% energy from carbohydrates) to the lowest quintile (55% energy from carbohydrates).

Practitioners should be cautious when recommending low carbohydrate diets, as they may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, particularly in individuals with higher body weight.

The association between low carbohydrate diet score and diabetes risk is largely explained by obesity, with BMI mediating 76% of the association.

Understanding the role of BMI in the relationship between low carbohydrate diets and diabetes risk can help tailor dietary recommendations.

Supplementing endurance training with whey protein hydrolysate before and whey protein plus carbohydrate after exercise significantly increases mitochondrial protein content (specifically Cytochrome C) compared to isocaloric carbohydrate-only supplementation, without altering VO2max or performance.

If you are a trained runner, adding whey protein hydrolysate before and after your runs (0.3g/kg) along with carbs after (1g/kg) may help your muscles build more mitochondrial proteins compared to just drinking carbs. However, do not expect this to make you run faster or improve your VO2max any more than drinking carbs alone would. It is a recovery tool, not a performance enhancer.

Obesity-targeted interventions are a novel treatment strategy for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Healthcare providers should explore obesity-targeted interventions in managing HFpEF.

Higher fat intake was associated with lower total mortality (Q5 vs. Q1, HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.69, 0.98]; p trend < 0.01).

Increasing dietary fat intake may be beneficial for longevity in Korean populations.

Higher intake of predominantly high glycaemic carbohydrates was associated with higher CHD risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 2·10, 95 % CI 1·22, 3·63, Ptrend = 0·003).

Practitioners should be cautious about recommending high glycaemic carbohydrate diets due to potential CHD risk.

Lower intake of SFA, specifically from cheese, was associated with higher CHD risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 0·44, 95 % CI 0·24, 0·83, Ptrend = 0·006).

Practitioners should consider the source of SFA, particularly cheese, when advising on dietary fat intake.

Substituting carbohydrates with total fat, but not SFA, was associated with significantly lower risk of CHD (HR 0·75, 95 % CI 0·62, 0·90).

Practitioners may consider recommending fat sources over carbohydrates to lower CHD risk.

Knee extension strength is a more valid and predictive measure of functional performance and health characteristics in older adults than handgrip strength.

If you are assessing muscle strength for health monitoring, prioritize knee extension strength over handgrip, as it better predicts your functional ability and health status.

Higher ultra-processed food intake was associated with a higher risk of incident inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with a hazard ratio of 1.82 for ≥5 servings/day and 1.67 for 1–4 servings/day compared to <1 serving/day.

Practitioners should consider the impact of ultra-processed food consumption on the risk of IBD in their dietary recommendations.

Different subgroups of ultra-processed food including soft drinks, sweets, salty snacks, and processed meat were associated with higher hazard ratios for IBD.

Practitioners should be aware of the specific types of ultra-processed foods that may increase IBD risk.

After 6 months of semaglutide treatment, participants showed significant reductions in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) by 48%, body mass index (BMI), and preperitoneal and superficial fat.

Semaglutide may be an effective treatment for improving psoriasis severity in obese patients.