Browse the evidence

Lean mass constituted 25%–39% of total weight lost with incretin agonists: semaglutide (35.2%), tirzepatide (25.4%), and liraglutide (26.8%).

Incretin therapies can lead to significant lean mass loss during weight reduction.

Lifestyle interventions showed comparable proportional lean mass loss (26.2%) to incretin therapies (p = 0.42 for comparison).

Lifestyle interventions can be as effective as incretin therapies in preserving lean mass during weight loss.

NAFLD is a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Clinicians should consider NAFLD when assessing cardiovascular risk in patients.

Metabolic surgery is effective for producing sustained weight loss and treating hypertension in patients with severe obesity.

Metabolic surgery should be considered as a viable treatment option for severe obesity and associated hypertension.

Obesity has been declared a disease that results in impaired quality of life and reduced life expectancy.

Healthcare practitioners should recognize obesity as a disease and address its impact on patients' quality of life.

Two-thirds of obesity-related excess mortality is attributable to cardiovascular disease.

Efforts to reduce obesity should be prioritized to decrease cardiovascular disease mortality.

Obesity is underrecognized and sub-optimally addressed compared to other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.

Clinicians should enhance their focus on obesity as a critical cardiovascular risk factor.

High-quality meta-evidence supports the association between total UPF consumption and higher T2D risk.

Practitioners should consider the quality of evidence when advising on dietary choices related to UPF.

The association between higher total whole grain intake and lower risk of type 2 diabetes was stronger in individuals who were lean compared to those who were overweight or obese.

Lean individuals may benefit more from whole grain consumption in terms of diabetes risk reduction compared to those who are overweight or obese.

Common variables in definitions of sarcopenia include appendicular lean soft tissue mass, grip strength, and gait speed.

Understanding these variables can help practitioners assess sarcopenia more effectively.

Diet quality of foods consumed from grocery stores increased modestly in children from 53.2% to 45.1% with poor diet quality and in adults from 40.1% to 32.9% with poor diet quality.

Practitioners should note the modest improvements in grocery store food quality among children and adults, indicating a positive trend in dietary habits.

The largest improvement in diet quality was in schools, with the percentage with poor diet quality decreasing from 55.6% to 24.4%.

This indicates that school nutrition programs may be effectively improving the diet quality of students.

Food quality from other sources worsened, with children showing an increase in poor diet quality from 40.0% to 51.7% and adults from 33.8% to 43.8%.

Practitioners should be aware of the worsening food quality from other sources, indicating a need for intervention.

A minimal fish intake of 175 g (approximately 2 servings) weekly is associated with lower risk of major cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality among patients with prior CVD.

Practitioners should recommend at least 2 servings of fish per week for patients with a history of cardiovascular disease.

Bariatric surgery can result in a 10-year percentage excess weight loss that can surpass 50%.

Bariatric surgery may be a viable option for significant weight loss in select patients.

Food insecurity is a common cause of inadequate dietary intake.

Addressing food insecurity is crucial for improving dietary intake.

Higher sitting time (≥8 hours per day) is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.10-1.31) and major cardiovascular disease (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.10-1.34).

Reducing sitting time to less than 8 hours per day may lower the risk of mortality and cardiovascular events.

The association of sitting time with the composite outcome is stronger in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.16-1.44) compared to high-income and upper-middle-income countries (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.98-1.19).

Public health strategies should focus on reducing sitting time, especially in low-income countries.

Participants who sat for 8 or more hours per day experienced a 17% to 50% higher associated risk of the composite outcome across physical activity levels.

Encouraging reduced sitting time is crucial, even for those who are physically active.

The prehabilitation program had a high attendance rate of 90% and a high level of patient satisfaction.

High attendance and satisfaction indicate that patients are likely to engage with prehabilitation programs.

High quality meta-analyses reported little or no difference between low-carbohydrate and control diets.

Practitioners should consider the quality of evidence when recommending low-carbohydrate diets.

Obesity is a disease that results in impaired quality of life and reduced life expectancy.

Healthcare practitioners should recognize obesity as a disease and address its impacts on quality of life and longevity.

Two-thirds of obesity-related excess mortality is attributable to cardiovascular disease.

Public health initiatives should focus on reducing obesity to lower cardiovascular disease mortality.

Obesity has been underrecognized and sub-optimally addressed compared to other cardiovascular risk factors.

Healthcare providers should prioritize the recognition and management of obesity as a key cardiovascular risk factor.